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Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development

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Author Info
William Easterly
Ross Levine

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Abstract

Does economic development depend on geographic endowments like temperate instead of tropical location, the ecological conditions shaping diseases, or an environment good for grains or certain cash crops? Or do these endowments of tropics, germs, and crops affect economic development only through institutions or policies? We test the endowment, institution, and policy views against each other using cross country evidence. We find evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect development through institutions. We find no evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect country incomes directly other than through institutions, nor do we find any effect of policies on development once we control for institutions.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 9106.

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Date of creation: Aug 2002
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Publication status: published as Easterly, William & Levine, Ross, 2003. "Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 3-39, January.
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9106

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O1 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development
N1 - Economic History - - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations

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