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La mesure de la croissance pro-pauvres en Afrique : espace de l’utilité ou des capacités ? Analyse comparative appliquée au Burkina Faso

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Jean-Pierre Lachaud (CED / IFReDE-GRES, Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV)

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Abstract

La recherche propose de contribuer au débat sur la croissance pro-pauvres, et présente une nouvelle évidence empirique pour le Burkina Faso, fondée à la fois sur l’espace de l’utilité et celui des capacités. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse comparative de la croissance pro-pauvres montre que les dimensions monétaire et non monétaire produisent des résultats très similaires, indépendamment des mesures « globales » ou « partielles » mises en oeuvre. Ainsi, au cours de la période 1994-2003, malgré une légère progression des privations en termes d’utilité et des capacités, la croissance économique nationale a été pro-pauvres, dans la mesure où les pauvres ont été proportionnellement moins affectés que les non pauvres par la baisse des dépenses et des capacités – une conclusion à nuancer selon le milieu. Corrélativement, au niveau national et dans le secteur rural, l’hypothèse d’une croissance monétaire pro-pauvres en termes absolus n’est pas vérifiée – contrairement à ce qu’indiquent d’autres études –, alors qu’un consensus semble prévaloir quant au caractère anti-pauvres de la croissance monétaire dans les villes, en termes absolus et relatifs. Ces divergences s’expliquent par des options méthodologiques différentes. Dans ces conditions, l’approche de la croissance pro-pauvres, à la fois par les capacités et l’utilité, peut susciter des questionnements additionnels quant aux méthodologies utilisées lors de la quête de la dynamique du progrès social, et relativiser les conclusions de certaines études. Dans un second temps, cette approche duale de la croissance pro-pauvres permet de tester la robustesse de quelques relations postulées entre la pauvreté, la croissance économique et l’inégalité. A cet égard, l’analyse comparative, mobilisant l’économétrie spatiale, vérifie deux faits stylisés. D’une part, l’élasticité provinciale de la pauvreté monétaire ou des capacités, par rapport à l’indicateur de bien-être approprié, est d’autant plus faible que l’indice de Gini initial (monétaire ou non monétaire) est élevé. De plus, la relative faiblesse des élasticités de pauvreté monétaire et non monétaire, dans les provinces relativement sensibles aux conditions climatiques ou les plus urbanisées, est susceptible de réduire les risques de l’environnement macro-économique instable. D’autre part, alors que l’évolution de l’indicateur de bien-être est un déterminant décisif de la variation de la pauvreté au cours de la période, les changements de la distribution des dépenses et des capacités constituent également un facteur important. Par ailleurs, l’analyse comparative montre que l’effet de la croissance sur la réduction de la pauvreté, monétaire ou non monétaire, est plus fort lorsque le niveau initial de développement est élevé. En définitive, l’approche de la croissance pro-pauvres en termes des capacités peut concourir non seulement à vérifier la robustesse de la dynamique stipulée du processus de croissance économique monétaire, mais également à appréhender ce dernier en l’absence d’informations fiables sur les conditions de vie monétaires des ménages. The research proposes to contribute to the debate on pro-poor growth, and presents a new empirical evidence for Burkina Faso, based at the same time on the spaces of utility and capabilities. Firstly, the comparative analysis of pro-poor growth shows that the monetary and non-monetary dimensions produce very similar results, independently of the implementations of « partial » or « full approach » measures. Thus, over the period 1994-2003, in spite of a small increase of poverty in terms of utility and capabilities, the national economic growth was pro-poor, insofar as the poor were proportionally less affected than the non-poor by the fall of the expenditures and capabilities – a conclusion to be moderated according to areas. Correlatively, at the national level and in the rural sector, the assumption of a monetary pro-poor growth in absolute terms is not checked – contrary to what certain studies have indicated –-, whereas a consensus seems to prevail as for the anti-poor monetary growth in the cities, in absolute and relative terms. These divergences are explained by different methodological options. In this context, the approach of pro-poor growth, at the same time by the capabilities and utility, can cause additional °questioning° as for the methodologies implemented at the time of the quest of the dynamics of social progress, and relativize the conclusions of some studies. Secondly, this dual approach of pro-poor growth makes it possible to test the robustness of certain postulated relations between poverty, economic growth and inequality. In this respect, the comparative analysis, mobilizing spatial econometrics, confirms two stylized facts. On the one hand, the provincial growth-elasticity of monetary or capabilities poverty is much lower when the initial index |Gini| (monetary or non-monetary) is high. Moreover, the relative lowness of growth-elasticities of monetary and non-monetary poverty, in the provinces relatively sensitive to climatic conditions or the most urbanized, is likely to reduce the risks of the unstable macroeconomic environment. In addition, whereas the evolution of the welfare indicator is an important determinant of the variation of poverty during the period, the changes of the expenditures and capacities’ distribution also constitute a significant factor. Moreover, the comparative analysis shows that the effect of the growth on monetary or non-monetary poverty reduction, is stronger when the initial level of development is high. Ultimately, the approach of pro-poor growth in terms of capabilities can contribute not only to check the robustness of the stipulated dynamics of the process of monetary economic growth, but also to have a good proxy of this last in the absence of reliable information on the monetary living standard of households. (Full text in french)

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Paper provided by Centre d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV in its series Documents de travail with number 122.

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Length: 31 pages
Date of creation: Jan 2006
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Handle: RePEc:mon:ceddtr:122

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Production
I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

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  3. Kraay, Aart, 2004. "When is growth pro-poor? Cross-country evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3225, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
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  4. Stewart, Frances & Streeten, Paul, 1971. "Conflicts between Output and Employment Objectives in Developing Countries," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 23(2), pages 145-68, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  7. Ravallion, Martin, 1997. "Can high-inequality developing countries escape absolute poverty?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 56(1), pages 51-57, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  8. Dollar, David & Kraay, Aart, 2001. "Growth is good for the poor," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2587, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
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  9. Son, Hyun Hwa, 2004. "A note on pro-poor growth," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 82(3), pages 307-314, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Ravallion, Martin & Chen, Shaohua, 2003. "Measuring pro-poor growth," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 78(1), pages 93-99, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  11. Michael Grimm & Isabel Günther, 2007. "Growth and Poverty in Burkina Faso: A Reassessment of the Paradox," Journal of African Economies, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(1), pages 70-101, January.
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  12. Nanak Kakwani & Shahid Khandker & Hyun H. Son, 2004. "Pro-poor growth: concepts and measurement with country case studies," Working Papers 1, International Poverty Centre. [Downloadable!]
  13. Atkinson, A B, 1987. "On the Measurement of Poverty," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(4), pages 749-64, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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