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De l'analyse économique du crime aux nouvelles criminologies anglo-saxonnes ? Les origines théoriques des politiques pénales contemporaines

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  • François Bonnet

    (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Le pénal-welfarisme - le paradigme pénal qui voulait que la délinquance est produite par des causes sociales et que le délinquant est susceptible de réinsertion normale dans la société - est aujourd'hui discrédité au profit de l'incarcération de masse aux Etats-Unis et du développement des technologies de surveillance et de l'industrie de la sécurité partout dans le monde. L'article pose la question de l'origine des nouvelles criminologies qui inspirent (ou justifient) les politiques pénales contemporaines et s'intéresse à l'analyse économique néoclassique du crime, qui est caractérisée par l'identification du crime à une nuisance objective et une conception du criminel comme acteur rationnel. Aujourd'hui, les criminologies influentes dans le monde anglo-saxon sont, selon David Garland, de deux ordres : les criminologies conservatrices qui préconisent un durcissement de la répression pénale afin de dissuader les criminels, et les " criminologies de la vie quotidienne " qui se focalisent sur les agencements du quotidien qui minimisent la probabilité de l'occurrence criminelle. Bien qu'elles partagent avec l'analyse néoclassique une conception en terme d'acteur rationnel, on ne peut pas les déduire de celle-ci de façon linéaire. L'article montre néanmoins l'importance du rôle des idées dans la genèse des politiques pénales.

Suggested Citation

  • François Bonnet, 2006. "De l'analyse économique du crime aux nouvelles criminologies anglo-saxonnes ? Les origines théoriques des politiques pénales contemporaines," Post-Print halshs-00879305, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00879305
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00879305
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gary S. Becker, 1974. "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach," NBER Chapters, in: Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment, pages 1-54, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    3. John J. DiIulio, 1996. "Help Wanted: Economists, Crime and Public Policy," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 3-24, Winter.
    4. Irving Piliavin & Rosemary Gartner & Craig Thornton & Ross L. Matsueda, 1986. "Crime, Deterrence, and Rational Choice," Mathematica Policy Research Reports 108e576df4ff4e768e3b2bc8b, Mathematica Policy Research.
    5. Isaac Ehrlich, 1996. "Crime, Punishment, and the Market for Offenses," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 43-67, Winter.
    6. Ehrlich, Isaac, 1975. "The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 65(3), pages 397-417, June.
    7. Henri Mendras, 2003. "Délinquance et rébellion en France et en Europe," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 84(1), pages 223-241.
    8. Ehrlich, Isaac, 1981. "On the Usefulness of Controlling Individuals: An Economic Analysis of Rehabilitation, Incapacitation, and Deterrence," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 71(3), pages 307-322, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Éric Langlais, 2010. "Les criminels aiment-ils le risque ?," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 61(2), pages 263-280.

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