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Variance analysis: A unifying cost function approach

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  • MASAKO N. DARROUGH

Abstract

. This paper investigates the use of variance analysis when inputs are assumed to be substitutable. When input prices change after the budget is formulated, cost minimization behavior requires substitution of relatively cheaper input(s) for the more expensive input(s). An explicit incorporation of this substitution effect is necessary to provide proper incentives to production managers. The traditional variance analysis which depends upon “standards†is tantamount to assuming a fixed proportion production technology, even when inputs are substitutable. Thus the traditional variance analysis can yield a misleading and incorrect analysis which in turn can lead to a nonoptimal input combination. The paper provides a general framework for variance analysis which accounts for and, therefore, encourages substitution. Budgets are “flexible†not only with respect to output levels, but also with respect to input prices. The framework explicitly accounts for a new standard based upon realized conditions. To do so, a duality between production and cost functions is exploited so that the optimal input mix is obtained with ease under different price regimes. Four examples of cost functions are offered. They can be regarded as the new flexible standards which depend on both output levels and input prices. Résumé. L'auteur étudie l'utilisation de l'analyse des écarts lorsqu'on suppose que les intrants peuvent être substitués. Lorsque le prix des intrants change une fois le budget établi, le comportement de minimisation des coûts exige que l'on substitue un ou des intrants relativement plus économiques à l'intrant ou aux intrants plus dispendieux. L'incorporation explicite de cet effet de substitution s'impose si l'on veut offrir des stimulants appropriés aux gestionnaires de la production. L'analyse des écarts traditionnelle qui dépend des «normes» équivaut à supposer que la technologie de fabrication prévoit des proportions fixes, même lorsque les intrants peuvent être substitués. L'analyse des écarts traditionnelle peut donc mener à des observations erronées et incorrectes qui, à leur tour, peuvent mener à une combinaison d'intrants qui n'est pas optimale. L'auteur propose un cadre général pour l'analyse des écarts quitient compte de la substitution et, par conséquent, la favorise. Les budgets sont «variables» non seulement en ce qui a trait au niveau des extrants, mais aussi en ce qui a trait au prix des intrants. Le cadre tient compte de façon explicite d'une nouvelle norme fondée sur les conditions réalisées. Pour y parvenir, l'on exploite la dualité entre la production et les fonctions de coût, de sorte que la combinaison optimale d'intrants soit obtenue facilement compte tenu de différents régimes de prix. L'auteur présente quatre exemples de fonctions de coût qui peuvent être considérées comme de nouvelles normes souples dépendant à la fois du niveau des extrants et du prix des intrants.

Suggested Citation

  • Masako N. Darrough, 1988. "Variance analysis: A unifying cost function approach," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 5(1), pages 199-221, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:5:y:1988:i:1:p:199-221
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1988.tb00702.x
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    1. Christensen, Laurits R & Jorgenson, Dale W & Lau, Lawrence J, 1973. "Transcendental Logarithmic Production Frontiers," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 55(1), pages 28-45, February.
    2. Diewert, W E, 1971. "An Application of the Shephard Duality Theorem: A Generalized Leontief Production Function," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 79(3), pages 481-507, May-June.
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    1. Rajiv Banker & Hsihui Chang & Ehsan Feroz, 2014. "Performance measurement in nonprofit governance: an empirical study of the Minnesota independent school districts," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 221(1), pages 47-71, October.

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