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Wage inequality, skill‐specific unemployment and trade liberalization

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  • Seda Koymen‐Ozer

Abstract

Labour market outcomes of trade liberalization are at the heart of the policy debate. In this model, the long‐run effects of trade liberalization and trade‐induced skill‐biased technological change on wage inequality and unemployment are studied by augmenting a heterogeneous firm trade model with job search and unemployment. In the model, there are two types of workers—skilled and unskilled—and two types of technologies—low and high. Firms draw their productivities from a common distribution and, conditional on their productivity, decide on the entry, export and type of technology. Then they post the optimal number of vacancies and engage in individual wage bargaining with workers. In the case of two symmetric partners, trade liberalization leads more firms to enter foreign markets while leading the least‐productive firms to exit. Moreover, with lower technology‐adoption costs and/or a higher initial level of liberalization, more firms upgrade their technology after a reduction in variable trade cost. The redistribution of market shares toward more‐productive firms increases the demand for both skilled and unskilled workers. This, in turn, raises wages and reduces unemployment rates for both types of workers. Nevertheless, trade liberalization has asymmetric wage effects on workers: it increases wage inequality in favour of skilled workers. Further, the unemployment rate in the skilled labour market falls to a greater extent, implying a change in the skill composition of unemployed workers in both trade partners. Résumé Inégalité salariale, chômage lié aux compétences spécialisées et libéralisation. Les conséquences de la libéralisation des échanges sur le marché du travail sont au cœur du débat politique. Dans ce modèle, nous étudions les effets à long terme de la libéralisation des échanges et des évolutions technologiques induites par le commerce, lesquelles favorisant les compétences spécialisées, à la fois sur les inégalités salariales et le chômage. À cette fin, nous avons augmenté un modèle commercial d’entreprises hétérogènes en y ajoutant la recherche d’emploi et l’inactivité professionnelle. Dans ce modèle, nous nous appuyons sur deux types de travailleurs, les travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés, et sur deux types de technologies, les technologies rudimentaires et les hautes technologies. Les entreprises tirent leur productivité d’une distribution commune, et en fonction de cette même productivité, peuvent décider de l’introduction, de l’exportation et du type de technologie. Ensuite, ces entreprises proposent un nombre optimal d’emplois à pourvoir et s’engagent dans une négociation salariale individuelle avec les travailleurs. Dans le cas de deux partenaires symétriques, la libéralisation des échanges conduit davantage d’entreprises à intégrer les marchés étrangers tout en poussant les moins productives à en sortir. De plus, avec des coûts d’adoption technologiques plus faibles et/ou avec un niveau de libéralisation initial plus élevé, de plus en plus d’entreprises modernisent leur technologie après avoir réduit leurs coûts commerciaux variables. La redistribution des parts de marché vers les entreprises les plus productives provoque une augmentation de la demande de travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés. Par voie de conséquence, les salaires augmentent et le taux de chômage diminue pour les deux types de travailleurs. Néanmoins, la libéralisation des échanges engendre un effet asymétrique quant au salaire des travailleurs car elle augmente les inégalités salariales en faveur des travailleurs les plus qualifiés. De plus, le taux de chômage des travailleurs qualifiés diminue bien davantage, modifiant ainsi la composition des compétences de la main d’œuvre des travailleurs sans emploi pour les deux partenaires commerciaux.

Suggested Citation

  • Seda Koymen‐Ozer, 2020. "Wage inequality, skill‐specific unemployment and trade liberalization," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 53(3), pages 1016-1058, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:53:y:2020:i:3:p:1016-1058
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12453
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