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The Spatial Clustering of Science and Capital: Accounting for Biotech Firm-Venture Capital Relationships

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Author Info
Walter W. Powell
Kenneth W. Koput
James I. Bowie
Laurel Smith-Doerr
Abstract

This paper focuses on the spatial concentration of two essential factors of production in the commercial field of biotechnology: ideas and money. The location of both research-intensive biotech firms and the venture capital firms that fund biotech is highly clustered in a handful of key US regions. The commercialization of a new medicine and the financing of a high-risk start-up firm are both activities that have an identifiable timeline, and often involve collaboration with multiple participants. The importance of tacit knowledge, face-to-face contact, and the ability to learn and manage across multiple projects are critical reasons for the continuing importance of geographic propinquity in biotech. Over the period 1988-99, more than half of the US biotech firms received locally-based venture funding. Those firms receiving non-local support were older, larger and had moved research projects further along the commercialization process. Similarly, as venture capital firms grow older and bigger, they invest in more non-local firms. But these patterns have a strong regional basis, with notable differences between Boston, New York and West Coast money. Biotechnology is unusual in its dual dependence on basic science and venture financing; other fields in which product development is not as dependent on the underlying science may have different spatial patterns. Cet article porte sur la concentration spatiale de deux facteurs de production clés dans le domaine commercial de la biotechnologie: à savoir, les idées et l'argent. La localisation et des entreprises àforte intensitéde recherche-développement du secteur de la biotechnologie, et les sociétés de capital-risque qui financent la biotechnologie, s'avère très concentrée dans une poignée de régions clé aux E-U. La commercialisation d'un nouveau médicament et le financement d'une création d'entreprise àhaut risque sont, tous les deux, des activités qui ont une date limite, et nécessitent souvent une collaboration avec de multiples partenaires. L'importance de la connaissance tacite, du contact direct et de la capacité d'apprendre et d'administrer de multiples projets sont des raisons essentielles pour l'importance continuelle de la proximité géographique dans la biotechnologie. Sur la période de 1988 à 1999, plus de la moitié des entreprises américaines du secteur de la biotechnologie ont profité du capital-risque local. Les entreprises qui bénéficient du soutien externe étaient plus vieilles, plus grandes, et ont fait plus avancer davantage des projets de recherche le long du processus de commercialisation. De la même manière, les sociétés de capital-risque investissent plutôt dans des entreprises externes, au fur et à mesure qu'elles vieillissent et s'agrandissent. Les fondements d'une telle distribution s'avèrent fortement régionaux, avec de notables différences pour ce qui est de l'argent provenant de Boston, de New York et de la Côte de l'ouest. La biotechnologie est hors du commun étant donnésa double dépendance de la science de base et du capital-risque; il se peut que d'autres domaines oùle développement des produits ne dépend pas de la science sous-jacente aient une distribution géographique différente. Dieser Aufsatz befaßt sich mit der räumlichen Konzentration zweier wesentlicher Faktoren bei der Produktion auf dem kommerziellen Gebiet der Biotechnologie: Ideen und Geldmittel. In den USA treten Standorte forschungsintensiver Biotechnologiefirmen und der Risikokapitalunternehmen, die ihre finanzielle Grundlage bereitstellen, stark gehäuft in wenigen Schlüsselregionen der USA auf. Die Kommerzialisierung eines neuen Arzneimittels und die Finanzierung eines hochriskanten 'start-up's' stellen Aktivitäten in einer klaren zeitlichen Abfolge dar, die oft die Zusammenarbeit mit mehreren Teilnehmern verlangt. 'Tacit knowledge', persönlicher Kontakt und die Fähigkeit, zu lernen und mit mehreren Projekten gleichzeitig zurecht zu kommen, sind dabei entscheidende Gründe für die Bedeutung räumlicher Nähe im biotechnologischen Bereich. Im Zeitraum 1988-1999 wurden mehr als der Hälfte der Biotechnikfirmen der USA Finanzmittel von lokalen Risikokapitalunternehmen zur Verfügung gestellt. Firmen, die nicht lokale Unterstützung genossen, waren älter, größer und hatten ihre Forschungsprojekte bereits weitgehend kommerzialisiert. Auch Risikokapitalunternehmen investieren mit zunehmendem Alter und zunehmender Größe mehr in nicht-lokale Firmen. Doch diese Muster variieren regional deutlich und zeigen klare Unterschiede zwischen Bosten, New York und den Finanzinstituten der Westküste. Biotechnologie ist ungewöhnlich in ihrer Doppelabhängigkeit von Grundlagenwissenschaften und der Finanzierung durch Risikokapital; andere Sektoren, in denen die Produktionsentwicklung nicht so stark von Grundlagenforschung abhängt, mögen durchaus andere räumliche Muster aufweisen.

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Article provided by Taylor and Francis Journals in its journal Regional Studies.

Volume (Year): 36 (2002)
Issue (Month): 3 (May)
Pages: 291-305
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Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:36:y:2002:i:3:p:291-305

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Keywords: Biotechnology; Venture Capital; Networks; Spatial Agglomeration;

References listed on IDEAS
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  11. Mike Wright, 1998. "Venture Capital and Private Equity: A Review and Synthesis," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 25(5&6), pages 521-570. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  13. Gompers, Paul A, 1995. " Optimal Investment, Monitoring, and the Staging of Venture Capital," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(5), pages 1461-89, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Samuel Kortum & Josh Lerner, 1998. "Does Venture Capital Spur Innovation?," NBER Working Papers 6846, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Baeyens, K. & Manigart, S., 2006. "Who gets private equity? The role of debt capacity, growth and intangible assets," Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Working Paper Series 2006-24, Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School. [Downloadable!]
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  2. Peter Maskell & Harald Bathelt & Anders Malmberg, 2005. "Building Global Knowledge Pipelines The Role of Temporary Clusters," DRUID Working Papers 05-20, DRUID, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Industrial Economics and Strategy/Aalborg University, Department of Business Studies. [Downloadable!]
  3. Michaela Trippl & Joshua von Gabain & Franz Tödtling, 2006. "Policy agents as catalysts of knowledge links in the biotechnology sector," SRE-Disc sre-disc-2006_01, Department of City and Regional Development, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. [Downloadable!]
  4. Mangematin, V. & Rip, A. & Delemarle, A. & Robinson, D.K.R., 2005. "The role of regional institutional entrepreneurs in the emergence of clusters in nanotechnologies," Working Papers 200515, Grenoble Applied Economics Laboratory (GAEL). [Downloadable!]
  5. Alessandro Rosiello & Morris Teubal & Gil Avnimelech, 2008. "Towards the Framing of Venture Capital Policies: a Systems-Evolutionary Perspective with Particular Reference to the UK/Scotland and Israeli Experiences," ICER Working Papers 21-2008, ICER - International Centre for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
  6. Carolin Häussler & Hans-Martin Zademach, 2006. "Cluster Performance reconsidered: Structure, Linkages and Paths in the German Biotechnology Industry, 1996-2003," Discussion Papers 188, SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich. [Downloadable!]
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  7. Gernot Grabher, 2002. "Cool Projects, Boring Institutions: Temporary Collaboration in Social Context," Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 36(3), pages 205-214, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Dafna Schwartz & Raphael Bar-El, 2006. "Venture Investments in Israel - A Regional Perspective Dafna Schwartz and Raphael Bar-El Ben-Gurion University, School of Management, Israel," ERSA conference papers ersa06p868, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  9. Terttu Luukkonen & Mari Maunula, 2006. "`Coaching´ Small Biotech Companies into Success: The Value-adding Function of VC," Discussion Papers 1032, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. [Downloadable!]
  10. Donald Patton & Martin Kenney, 2003. "The Spatial Distribution of Entrepreneurial Support Networks: Evidence from Semiconductor Inital Public Offerings from 1996 through 2000," UCAIS Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy, Working Paper Series 1018, UCAIS Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy, UC Berkeley. [Downloadable!]
  11. Joana Almodovar & Aurora A.C. Teixeira, 2009. "Conceptualizing clusters through the lens of networks: a critical synthesis," FEP Working Papers 328, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto. [Downloadable!]
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