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Acquisition versus Greenfield Investment: The Location and Growth of Japanese Manufacturers in the United States

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Breandán Ó Huallacháin, Neil Reid

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Abstract

O´ HUALLACHA´IN B. and REID N. (1997) Acquisition versus greenfield investment: the location and growth of Japanese manufacturers in the United States, Reg. Studies 31, 403–416. Investigating foreign direct investment by principal modes of entry helps explain the location of Japanese manufacturers in the United States. Japanese greenfield start-ups and acquired plants had distinct interregional distributions in different decades. We use ordinary least squares and tobit regression analyses to account for interstate variation in the levels of Japanese acquired and greenfield establishment in 1979, 1989 and 1992 and their expansion in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The greenfield plants propelled the formation of automobile-based industrial complexes in the Midwest and Southeast regions. Greenfield investors also avoided states with strong unions and, over time, they became unconstrained by the general distribution of American manufacturing. Although supplies of procurable assets consistently constrained acquisition flows, the Pacific Coast region was a focus of Japanese acquisition activity from the 1970s to the 1990s. During the 1980s, acquirers contributed to the development of the Japanese automobile complexes in the Midwest and Southeast. They also avoided strong unions. Those latter factors, however, were not significant locational determinants of acquisition flows in the 1990s. Ó HUALLACHÁIN B. et REID N. (1997) La prise de participation par opposition à la création d'entreprise sur terrain vierge: la localisation et la croissance de l'industrie japonaise aux Etats-Unis, Reg. Studies 31, 403-416. Examiner l'investissement direct étranger à partir des principales méthodes d'entrée contribue à une explication éventuelle de la localisation de l'industrie japonaise aux Etats-Unis. La création d'entreprise sur terrain vierge et la prise de participation par l'industrie japonaise montrent des distributions interrégionales nettes au cours des différentes décennies. A partir des analyses de régression par les moindres carrés et des analyses de régression du type tobit, on explique la variation régionale de l'importance de la prise de participation et de la création d'entreprise sur terrain vierge par l'industrie japonaise en 1979, 1989 et 1992, et leur expansion aux années 70, aux années 80 et au début des années 90. Les établissements situés sur terrain vierge ont alimenté la création des complexes industriels basés sur l'industrie automobile dans le Midwest at dans le Sud-Est. Ceux qui investissent dans les terrains vierges évitent aussi les régions caractérisées par un taux de syndicalisation élevé, et sur le temps ils n'ont pas été limités par la distribution générale de l'industrie américaine. Bien que la cession d'actifs disponibles a régulièrement limité le flux des prises de participation, le littoral du Pacifique s'est montréle centre d'intérêt des prises de participation japonaises des années 70 jusqu'aux années 90. Au cours des années 80, les prises de participation ont contribué au développement des complexes japonais du secteur automobile dans le Midwest et dans le Sud-Est. En outre, on a évitéun taux de syndicalisation élevé. Toujours est-il que ces facteurs-ci n'ont pas été d'importants déterminants géographiques des flux des prises de participation aux années 90. Ó HUALLACHÁIN B. und REID N. (1997) Erwerb gegen Investierung im Grünen? Standort und Wachstum japanischer Hersteller in den Vereinigten Staaten, Reg. Studies 31, 403- 416. Die Untersuchung ausländischer Direktinvestierungen mittels Hauptarten der Eingänge trägt dazu bei, den Standort japanischer Hersteller in den Vereinigten Staaten zu erklären. Japanische Neugründungen im Grünen und erworbene Betriebe weisen in verschiedenen Jahrzehnten ausgeprägte interregionale Verteilungsmuster auf. Hier werden gewöhnliche Mindestquadrate und tobit Regressionsanalysen zur Berechnung interstaatlicher Abweichungen im Umfang der von japanischer Seite in den Jahren 1979, 1989 und 1992 erworbenen und im Grünen begonnener Unternehmen, sowie deren Erweiterung in den siebziger, achtziger und frühen neunziger Jahren benutzt. Die Unternehmen im Grünen trieben die Bildung von auf Benutzung von Automobilen beruhenden Industriekomplexen in den Regionen des mittleren Westen und des Südostens voran. Im Grünen Investierende vermeiden auch Staaten mit aktiven Gewerkschaftsorganisationen, und warfen im Laufe der Zeit die Beschränkungen ab, die die allgemeine Verteilung amerikanischer herstellender Betriebe mit sich brachte. Obwohl die Versorgung mit beschaffbaren Vermögenswerten von den siebziger bis zu den neunziger Jahren Erwerbszuflüsse ständig beschränkte, war die Region der pazifischen Küste in dem Zeitraum ein Brennpunkt japanischer Erwerbstätigkeit. In den achtziger Jahren trugen Käufer zur Entwicklung des japanischen Kraftfahrzeugkomplexes im mittleren Westen und im Südwesten bei. Auch sie wichen aktiven schaften aus. In den neunziger Jahren stellten diese letzteren Faktoren jedoch keine signifikanten standörtlichen Determinanten der Erwerbsströmungen dar.

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Article provided by Taylor and Francis Journals in its journal Regional Studies.

Volume (Year): 31 (1997)
Issue (Month): 4 (June)
Pages: 403-416
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Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:31:y:1997:i:4:p:403-416

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Related research
Keywords: Japanese Direct Investment Acquisition Greenfield United States Location Growth;

Cited by:
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  1. Roberto Basile, 2002. "Acquisition versus greenfield investment: the location of foreign manufacturers in Italy," ISAE Working Papers 27, ISAE - Institute for Studies and Economic Analyses - (Rome, ITALY). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  2. Nguyen, Anh, 1997. "Japanese manufacturing investment in the UK 1972-1996: an econometric analysis," MPRA Paper 1920, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  3. Nguyen, Ngoc Anh & Nguyen, Thang, 2007. "Foreign direct investment in Vietnam: An overview and analysis the determinants of spatial distribution across provinces," MPRA Paper 1921, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  4. Belderbos,R. & Carree,M., 2000. "The Location of Japanese Investments in China: Agglomeration Effects, Keiretsu, and Firm Heterogeneity," Research Memoranda 002, Maastricht : NIBOR, Netherlands Institute of Business Organization and Strategy Research. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  5. Bertrand, Olivier & Mucchielli, Jean-Louis & Zitouna, Habib, 2004. "Location Choices of Multinational Firms: The Case of Mergers and Acquisitions," Discussion Paper Series 26170, Hamburg Institute of International Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  6. Sung Jin Kang & Hong Sik Lee, 2004. "Locating Multinational Companies in China: Korean and Japanese Companies," Microeconomics Working Papers 138, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
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