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On the Use, the Misuse, and the Very Limited Usefulness of Cronbach’s Alpha

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Author Info
Klaas Sijtsma ()
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File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0
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Publisher Info
Article provided by Springer in its journal Psychometrika.

Volume (Year): 74 (2009)
Issue (Month): 1 (March)
Pages: 107-120
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Handle: RePEc:spr:psycho:v:74:y:2009:i:1:p:107-120

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Related research
Keywords: Cronbach’s alpha; internal consistency; reliability; unidimensionality;

References listed on IDEAS
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  1. Melvin Novick & Charles Lewis, 1967. "Coefficient alpha and the reliability of composite measurements," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 32(1), pages 1-13, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Kentaro Hayashi & Akihito Kamata, 2005. "A note on the estimator of the alpha coefficient for standardized variables under normality," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 70(3), pages 579-586, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Yoshio Takane & Jan Leeuw, 1987. "On the relationship between item response theory and factor analysis of discretized variables," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 52(3), pages 393-408, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. P. Bentler & J. Woodward, 1980. "Inequalities among lower bounds to reliability: With applications to test construction and factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 45(2), pages 249-267, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Lee Cronbach, 1988. "Internal consistency of tests: Analyses old and new," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 63-70, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Cyril Hoyt, 1941. "Test reliability estimated by analysis of variance," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 153-160, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Brian Woodhouse & Paul Jackson, 1977. "Lower bounds for the reliability of the total score on a test composed of non-homogeneous items: II: A search procedure to locate the greatest lower bound," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 579-591, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Jos Berge & Gregor Sočan, 2004. "The greatest lower bound to the reliability of a test and the hypothesis of unidimensionality," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 69(4), pages 613-625, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Denny Borsboom, 2006. "The attack of the psychometricians," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 71(3), pages 425-440, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Jos Berge & Tom Snijders & Frits Zegers, 1981. "Computational aspects of the greatest lower bound to the reliability and constrained minimum trace factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 201-213, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Frederic Lord, 1960. "An empirical study of the normality and independence of errors of measurement in test scores," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 91-104, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Alexander Shapiro & Jos Berge, 2000. "The asymptotic bias of minimum trace factor analysis, with applications to the greatest lower bound to reliability," Psychometrika, Springer, vol. 65(3), pages 413-425, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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This page was last updated on 2009-12-30.


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