IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/endesu/v24y2022i3d10.1007_s10668-021-01601-y.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Tourism: economic development without increasing CO2 emissions in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Sahib Oad

    (Ocean University of China)

  • Qu Jinliang

    (Ocean University of China)

  • Syed Babar Hussain Shah

    (Ocean University of China)

  • Shafique-ul-Rehman Memon

    (Ocean University of China)

Abstract

Globally, the national and cultural resources of a country are major sources of attraction for tourism. Pakistan is gifted with abundant natural and cultural resources that can promote tourism. Tourism, in general, contributes to a country's economy and creates job opportunities for local communities. However, previous studies have shown that tourism can adversely affect the environment by increasing CO2 emissions generated by touristic activities. In the present study, we used data from the World Bank (1995–2014) to analyze the environmental effects of tourism in Pakistan. The parameters used in the present study were the number of tourist arrival, energy use, gross domestic product and CO2 emissions. The data was analyzed using Vector Error Correction Model, and Granger Causality Test. The results of the study showed that no parameters have a significant effect on CO2 emissions in the long-term. The number of tourist arrival has declined in recent years due to socio-political conditions in the country. However, if the political conditions improve, promoting tourism can generate employment and improve economic conditions which can be further invested in education, infrastructure, art and recreation activities. Therefore, we conclude that tourism can be a viable source of economic growth for Pakistan without harming the environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Sahib Oad & Qu Jinliang & Syed Babar Hussain Shah & Shafique-ul-Rehman Memon, 2022. "Tourism: economic development without increasing CO2 emissions in Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 4000-4023, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:24:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s10668-021-01601-y
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01601-y
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10668-021-01601-y
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10668-021-01601-y?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tiago Neves Sequeira & Carla Campos, 2007. "International Tourism and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach," Springer Books, in: Álvaro Matias & Peter Nijkamp & Paulo Neto (ed.), Advances in Modern Tourism Research, chapter 0, pages 153-163, Springer.
    2. Pesaran, M. Hashem, 2015. "Time Series and Panel Data Econometrics," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198759980.
    3. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Farhani, Sahbi & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2013. "Coal Consumption, Industrial Production and CO2 Emissions in China and India," MPRA Paper 50618, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 12 Oct 2013.
    4. Zhang, Lei & Gao, Jing, 2016. "Exploring the effects of international tourism on China's economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution: Evidence from a regional panel analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 225-234.
    5. Ogechi Adeola & Olaniyi Evans, 2020. "ICT, infrastructure, and tourism development in Africa," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(1), pages 97-114, February.
    6. Fayyaz Ahmad & Muhammad Umar Draz & Lijuan Su & Ilhan Ozturk & Abdul Rauf, 2018. "Tourism and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from the One Belt One Road Provinces of Western China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-22, September.
    7. Katircioglu, Salih Turan, 2014. "International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 180-187.
    8. Lee, Jung Wan & Brahmasrene, Tantatape, 2013. "Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 69-76.
    9. Peter C. B. Phillips & Bruce E. Hansen, 1990. "Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 57(1), pages 99-125.
    10. Zaman, Khalid & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Loganathan, Nanthakumar & Raza, Syed Ali, 2016. "Tourism development, energy consumption and Environmental Kuznets Curve: Trivariate analysis in the panel of developed and developing countries," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 275-283.
    11. Abdul Mansoor & Baserat Sultana, 2018. "Impact of Population, GDP and Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Pakistan Using an Analytic Tool IPAT," Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 5(2), pages 183-190.
    12. Wang, Peng & Dai, Han-cheng & Ren, Song-yan & Zhao, Dai-qing & Masui, Toshihiko, 2015. "Achieving Copenhagen target through carbon emission trading: Economic impacts assessment in Guangdong Province of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 212-227.
    13. Asif Khan & Sughra Bibi & Lorenzo Ardito & Jiaying Lyu & Hizar Hayat & Anas Mahmud Arif, 2020. "Revisiting the Dynamics of Tourism, Economic Growth, and Environmental Pollutants in the Emerging Economies—Sustainable Tourism Policy Implications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-23, March.
    14. Benjamin Faber & Cecile Gaubert, 2019. "Tourism and Economic Development: Evidence from Mexico's Coastline," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 109(6), pages 2245-2293, June.
    15. Mehdi Ben Jebli & Slim Ben Youssef & Nicholas Apergis, 2019. "The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade," Latin American Economic Review, Springer;Centro de Investigaciòn y Docencia Económica (CIDE), vol. 28(1), pages 1-19, December.
    16. Manfred Lenzen & Ya-Yen Sun & Futu Faturay & Yuan-Peng Ting & Arne Geschke & Arunima Malik, 2018. "The carbon footprint of global tourism," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 8(6), pages 522-528, June.
    17. Carlos Barros & Luis Gil-Alana & Fernando Perez de Gracia, 2016. "Stationarity and Long Range Dependence of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence for Disaggregated Data," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 63(1), pages 45-56, January.
    18. Abdul Rauf & Xiaoxing Liu & Waqas Amin & Ilhan Ozturk & Obaid Ur Rehman & Suleman Sarwar, 2018. "Energy and Ecological Sustainability: Challenges and Panoramas in Belt and Road Initiative Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-21, August.
    19. Can Tansel TUGCU & Mert TOPCU, 2018. "The impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on tourism: Does the source of emission matter?," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(1(614), S), pages 125-136, Spring.
    20. Perron, Pierre, 1990. "Testing for a Unit Root in a Time Series with a Changing Mean," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 8(2), pages 153-162, April.
    21. Reza Sherafatian-Jahromi & Mohd Shahwahid Othman & Siong Hook Law & Normaz Wana Ismail, 2017. "Tourism and CO2 emissions nexus in Southeast Asia: new evidence from panel estimation," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1407-1423, August.
    22. Abdul Mansoor & Baserat Sultana, 2018. "Impact of Population, GDP and Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Pakistan Using an Analytic Tool IPAT," Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 5(2), pages 183-190.
    23. Abdul Rehman & Hengyun Ma & Muhammad Irfan & Munir Ahmad & Ousmane Traore, 2020. "Investigating the Influence of International Tourism in Pakistan and Its Linkage to Economic Growth: Evidence From ARDL Approach," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, June.
    24. Granger, C. W. J. & Newbold, P., 1974. "Spurious regressions in econometrics," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 2(2), pages 111-120, July.
    25. John D. Levendis, 2018. "Time Series Econometrics," Springer Texts in Business and Economics, Springer, number 978-3-319-98282-3, August.
    26. Zhang, Yu & Zhang, Sufang, 2018. "The impacts of GDP, trade structure, exchange rate and FDI inflows on China's carbon emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 347-353.
    27. Al Mamun, Md. & Sohag, Kazi & Hannan Mia, Md. Abdul & Salah Uddin, Gazi & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2014. "Regional differences in the dynamic linkage between CO2 emissions, sectoral output and economic growth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 1-11.
    28. Barma, M.C. & Saidur, R. & Rahman, S.M.A. & Allouhi, A. & Akash, B.A. & Sait, Sadiq M., 2017. "A review on boilers energy use, energy savings, and emissions reductions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 970-983.
    29. Saboori, Behnaz & Sulaiman, Jamalludin & Mohd, Saidatulakmal, 2012. "Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: A cointegration analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 184-191.
    30. Paul J. Burke & Md Shahiduzzaman & David I. Stern, 2015. "Carbon dioxide emissions in the short run: The rate and sources of economic growth matter," CAMA Working Papers 2015-12, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    31. Michailidou, Alexandra V. & Vlachokostas, Christos & Moussiopoulos, Νicolas, 2016. "Interactions between climate change and the tourism sector: Multiple-criteria decision analysis to assess mitigation and adaptation options in tourism areas," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1-12.
    32. Manfred Lenzen & Ya-Yen Sun & Futu Faturay & Yuan-Peng Ting & Arne Geschke & Arunima Malik, 2018. "Author Correction: The carbon footprint of global tourism," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 8(6), pages 544-544, June.
    33. Gokhan H. Akay & Atilla Cifter & Ozdemir Teke, 2017. "Turkish tourism, exchange rates and income," Tourism Economics, , vol. 23(1), pages 66-77, February.
    34. Bismark Ameyaw & Li Yao, 2018. "Analyzing the Impact of GDP on CO 2 Emissions and Forecasting Africa’s Total CO 2 Emissions with Non-Assumption Driven Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-23, August.
    35. Nuria Huete-Alcocer & Víctor Raúl López-Ruiz & Adriana Grigorescu, 2019. "Measurement of Satisfaction in Sustainable Tourism: A Cultural Heritage Site in Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-15, November.
    36. María García-Hernández & Manuel De la Calle-Vaquero & Claudia Yubero, 2017. "Cultural Heritage and Urban Tourism: Historic City Centres under Pressure," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-19, August.
    37. Saif Ullah & Ali Abid & Waqas Aslam & Rana Shahzad Noor & Muhammad Mohsin Waqas & Tian Gang, 2021. "Predicting Behavioral Intention of Rural Inhabitants toward Economic Incentive for Deforestation in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-17, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Aydın, Sercan, 2021. "An Empirical Note on Tourism and Sustainable Development Nexus," MPRA Paper 114219, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Jiekuan Zhang & Yan Zhang, 2021. "Tourism, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in China," Tourism Economics, , vol. 27(5), pages 1060-1080, August.
    3. Olugbenga A. Onafowora & Oluwole Owoye, 2020. "Tourism Development and Air Pollution in Caribbean SIDs: A Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis," Journal of Tourismology, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 6(2), pages 221-239, December.
    4. Fayyaz Ahmad & Muhammad Umar Draz & Lijuan Su & Ilhan Ozturk & Abdul Rauf, 2018. "Tourism and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from the One Belt One Road Provinces of Western China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-22, September.
    5. Muhammed Ashiq Villanthenkodath & Mohd Arshad Ansari & Muhammad Shahbaz & Xuan Vinh Vo, 2022. "Do tourism development and structural change promote environmental quality? Evidence from India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 5163-5194, April.
    6. Ali, Qamar & Yaseen, Muhammad Rizwan & Anwar, Sofia & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad & Khan, Muhammad Tariq Iqbal, 2021. "The impact of tourism, renewable energy, and economic growth on ecological footprint and natural resources: A panel data analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    7. Sun, Ya-Yen & Gossling, Stefan & Zhou, Wanru, 2022. "Does tourism increase or decrease carbon emissions? A systematic review," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    8. Nicholas Apergis & Konstantinos Gavriilidis & Rangan Gupta, 2023. "Does climate policy uncertainty affect tourism demand? Evidence from time-varying causality tests," Tourism Economics, , vol. 29(6), pages 1484-1498, September.
    9. Asif Razzaq & Arshian Sharif & Paiman Ahmad & Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, 2021. "Asymmetric role of tourism development and technology innovation on carbon dioxide emission reduction in the Chinese economy: Fresh insights from QARDL approach," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 176-193, January.
    10. Abdul Rauf & Ilhan Ozturk & Fayyaz Ahmad & Khurram Shehzad & Abbas Ali Chandiao & Muhammad Irfan & Saira Abid & Li Jinkai, 2021. "Do Tourism Development, Energy Consumption and Transportation Demolish Sustainable Environments? Evidence from Chinese Provinces," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-23, November.
    11. Bahram Zikirya & Jieyu Wang & Chunshan Zhou, 2021. "The Relationship between CO 2 Emissions, Air Pollution, and Tourism Flows in China: A Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Provinces," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-17, October.
    12. Arletta Isaeva & Raufhon Salahodjaev & Anastas Khachaturov & Shakhnoza Tosheva, 2022. "The Impact of Tourism and Financial Development on Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission: Evidence from Post-communist Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 13(1), pages 773-786, March.
    13. Sudeshna Ghosh, 2022. "Effects of tourism on carbon dioxide emissions, a panel causality analysis with new data sets," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 3884-3906, March.
    14. Chien-Ming Wang & Tsung-Pao Wu, 2022. "Does tourism promote or reduce environmental pollution? Evidence from major tourist arrival countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 3334-3355, March.
    15. Natalia Porto & Matías Ciaschi, 2021. "Reformulating the tourism-extended environmental Kuznets curve: A quantile regression analysis under environmental legal conditions," Tourism Economics, , vol. 27(5), pages 991-1014, August.
    16. Uktam Umurzakov & Shakhnoza Tosheva & Raufhon Salahodjaev, 2023. "Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from Belt and Road Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(1), pages 503-516, March.
    17. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan & Danish Iqbal Godil & Zhang Yu & Farwa Abbas & Muhammad Asif Shamim, 2022. "Adoption of renewable energy sources, low‐carbon initiatives, and advanced logistical infrastructure—an step toward integrated global progress," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(1), pages 275-288, February.
    18. Sadia Bano & Mehtab Alam & Anwar Khan & Lu Liu, 2021. "The nexus of tourism, renewable energy, income, and environmental quality: an empirical analysis of Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(10), pages 14854-14877, October.
    19. Daxin Dong & Xiaowei Xu & Yat Fung Wong, 2019. "Estimating the Impact of Air Pollution on Inbound Tourism in China: An Analysis Based on Regression Discontinuity Design," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-18, March.
    20. Bing Xia & Suocheng Dong & Zehong Li & Minyan Zhao & Dongqi Sun & Wenbiao Zhang & Yu Li, 2022. "Eco-Efficiency and Its Drivers in Tourism Sectors with Respect to Carbon Emissions from the Supply Chain: An Integrated EEIO and DEA Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-26, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Tourism; Economic development; Environment; CO2; Energy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:24:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s10668-021-01601-y. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.