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La norme ISO 14001 est-elle efficace ? Une étude économétrique sur l'industrie française

Author

Listed:
  • Naoufel Mzoughi
  • Gilles Grolleau
  • Céline Thévenot
  • Nicolas Riedinger

Abstract

[spa] La norma ISO 14001 ¿ es efectiva ? Un estudio econométrico sobre la industria francesa . . Cada vez más empresas francesas implementan un “ sistema de Management medioambiental”, es decir, una organización que contempla medir y reducir los impactos medioambientales, certifi cándolos luego según la norma ISO 14001. El objeto de este artículo consiste en evaluar la efi ciencia medioambiental de esta práctica, sobre una muestra de varios millares de establecimientos industriales. Se consideran diversas presiones medioambientales : las emisiones de compuestos orgánicos volátiles, la del dióxido de carbono, los consumos de combustible y energía total y las muestras de agua. Los datos cubren varios años, de 2001 o 2003 a 2005, según las presiones, lo que permite controlar la heterogeneidad inobservada en la estimación econométrica. Los resultados sugieren que los establecimientos certifi cados concentran sus esfuerzos en las actuaciones que pueden reducir no sólo su impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente, sino también sus costes de producción. En idénticas condiciones, la adquisición de la certifi cación ISO 14001 se acompaña de una reducción inmediata de las muestras de agua en un 8 % aproximadamente, siendo seguida por una disminución progresiva de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono, así como del consumo de combustibles. Por último, tras un aumento inicial del consumo de electricidad, el consumo de energía disminuye un 1 % anualmente tras la certifi cación. Por el contrario, esto no parece impactar signifi cativamente las emisiones de compuestos orgánicos volátiles. [ger] Ist die Norm ISO 14001 wirksam ? Eine ökonometrische Studie über die französische Industrie . Immer mehr französische Unternehmen beschließen die Einführung eines „ Umweltmanagementsystems“, das heißt eines Systems zur Messung und Verringerung der Umweltbelastungen, das sie dann gemäß der Norm ISO 14001 zertifi zieren lassen. In diesem Artikel soll die ökologische Wirksamkeit dieser Praktik anhand einer Stichprobe von mehreren Tausend Industriebetrieben bewertet werden. Berücksichtigt werden verschiedene Umweltbelastungen : Emissionen von fl üchtigen organischen Verbindungen wie etwa Kohlendioxid, Kraftstoffund Gesamtenergieverbrauch sowie Wasserentnahmen. Die Daten decken mehrere Jahre ab, von 2001 bzw. 2003 bis 2005 je nach den Belastungen, so dass die bei der ökonometrischen Schätzung nicht beobachtete Heterogenität kontrolliert werden kann. Den Ergebnissen ist zu entnehmen, dass die zertifi zierten Betriebe ihre Anstrengungen darauf konzentrieren, nicht nur ihre Umweltschäden, sondern auch ihre Produktionskosten zu reduzieren. Unter sonst gleichen Gegebenheiten geht die Zertifi zierung nach der Norm ISO 14001 mit einem unmittelbaren Rückgang der Wasserentnahmen um ca. 8 % einher. Es folgt eine schrittweise Reduzierung des Kohlendioxidausstoßes sowie des Kraftstoffverbrauchs. Nach einer anfänglichen Zunahme des Stromverbrauchs sinkt der Energieverbrauch nach der Zertifi zierung um jährlich 1 %. Allerdings scheint sie keine nennenswerten Auswirkungen auf die Emissionen von fl üchtigen organischen Verbindungen zu haben. Ist die Norm ISO 14001 wirksam ? Eine ökonometrische Studie über die französische Industrie [fre] De plus en plus d’entreprises françaises choisissent de mettre en place un «système de management environnemental», c’est-à-dire une organisation visant à mesurer et à réduire les impacts environnementaux, puis de le faire certifier suivant la norme ISO 14001. L’objet de cet article est d’évaluer l’efficacité environnementale de cette pratique sur un échantillon de plusieurs milliers d’établissements industriels. Diverses pressions environnementales sont considérées: les émissions de composés organiques volatils, celles de dioxyde de carbone, les consommations de combustibles et d’énergie totale et les prélèvements d’eau. Les données couvrent plusieurs années, de 2001 ou 2003 à 2005 suivant les pressions, ce qui permet de contrôler l’hétérogénéité inobservée dans l’estimation économétrique. Les résultats suggèrent que les établissements certifiés concentrent leurs efforts sur des actions susceptibles de réduire non seulement leur impact négatif sur l’environnement mais aussi leurs coûts de production. Toutes choses égales par ailleurs, l’acquisition de la certification ISO 14001 s’accompagne d’une réduction immédiate des prélèvements d’eau de l’ordre de 8 %. Elle est suivie d’une diminution progressive des émissions de dioxyde de carbone ainsi que des consommations de combustibles. Enfin, après une augmentation initiale de la consommation d’électricité, la consommation d’énergie diminue de 1 % par an après la certification. En revanche, celle-ci ne semble pas avoir d’impact significatif sur les émissions de composés organiques volatils. La norme ISO 14001 est-elle efficace? Une étude économétrique sur l’industrie française [eng] Is the ISO 14001 Standard Effective ? An Econometric Study of French Industry . . More and more French businesses are deciding to introduce an “ environmental management system”, i. e. a system to measure and reduce their environmental impact, and then certify their compliance with the ISO 14001 standard. This article aims to assess the environmental effectiveness of certification using a sample of several thousand manufacturing fi rms. A range of environmental pressures has been analysed : emissions of volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide, fuel and total energy consumption, and water intake. The data covers several years, from 2001 or 2003 until 2005, making it possible to check the unobserved heterogeneity in the econometric estimation. The results suggest that certified firms focus their efforts on measures likely to reduce not only their negative impact on the environment but also their production costs. Moreover, ISO 14001 certifi cation is invariably accompanied by an immediate reduction in water intake of roughly 8%. A gradual decrease in carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption then follows. Finally, after an initial rise in electricity consumption, energy consumption falls by 1% every year. Certifi cation does not, however, appear to have a significant impact on volatile organic compound emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Naoufel Mzoughi & Gilles Grolleau & Céline Thévenot & Nicolas Riedinger, 2008. "La norme ISO 14001 est-elle efficace ? Une étude économétrique sur l'industrie française," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 411(1), pages 3-19.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2008_num_411_1_7045
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2008.7045
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2008.7045
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    1. Stefan Ambec & Paul Lanoie, 2009. "Performance environnementale et économique de l'entreprise," Economie & Prévision, La Documentation Française, vol. 0(4), pages 71-94.
    2. Filippi, Maryline, 2021. "Do French agrifood co-ops have a head start in Corporate Social Responsibility? An initial examination of French co-ops and their practices," Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 101(4), January.
    3. Stéphane Trébucq, 2011. "Une étude de la crédibilité des informations sociétales face à différentes options de reddition des comptes," Post-Print hal-00650589, HAL.

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