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L’inégalité mondiale de l’éducation et des revenus (1870-2000)

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  • Fabrice Murtin
  • Christian Morrisson

Abstract

[eng] This article provides, for the first time, an estimate of the world distribution of individual years of schooling, taking into account inequalities within and between countries. Our estimates concern this distribution from 1870 to 2000. In 1870, inequality was very high, since 75 % of the world population was illiterate. The fifth-quintile share of income stood at 90 % and the Gini coefficient was 0.79. Inequality has dramatically decreased since. By 2000, the Gini coefficient had declined to 0.40 and the fifth-quintile share of income to 40 %. In 130 years, the percentages of illiterate individuals and of the very poor (with incomes of less than 1 dollar a day) fell 75 % to 20 %. The distribution of education changed totally : in 1910 , three-quarters of people with secondary education (i.e., the world’s tenth decile) were Westerners of European descent ; in 2000, Asians greatly outnumbered Westerners of European descent among people with university education (again, the world’s tenth decile). [fre] Cet article présente la première estimation de la distribution mondiale du nombre d’années d’éducation par individu, en tenant compte des inégalités à l’intérieur des pays et entre pays. Les estimations concernent cette distribution de 1870 à 2000. La distribution en 1870 était très inégale parce que 75% de la population mondiale était illettrée. La part du 5e quintile atteignait 90 % et le coefficient de Gini 0.79. L’inégalité a beaucoup baissé depuis : en 2000 le coefficient de Gini est de 0.40 et la part du 5e quintile est de 40 %. Le pourcentage d’analphabètes comme celui de très pauvres (moins de 1 dollar par jour) sont passés en 130 ans de 75 % à 20 %. La répartition de l’éducation a complètement changé : en 1910 les ¾ des individus ayant fait des études secondaires (soit le 10e décile mondial ) étaient des occidentaux d’origine européenne. En 2000 il y a nettement plus d'asiatiques que d’occidentaux d’origine européenne parmi les individus ayant fait des études supérieures (soit le 10e décile mondial).

Suggested Citation

  • Fabrice Murtin & Christian Morrisson, 2008. "L’inégalité mondiale de l’éducation et des revenus (1870-2000)," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 186(5), pages 39-46.
    • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecoprv:ecop_0249-4744_2008_num_186_5_7851
    DOI: 10.3406/ecop.2008.7851
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecop.2008.7851
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    1. Christian Morrisson & Fabrice Murtin, 2009. "The Century of Education," Journal of Human Capital, University of Chicago Press, vol. 3(1), pages 1-42.
    2. Barro, Robert J & Lee, Jong-Wha, 2001. "International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 53(3), pages 541-563, July.
    3. Jean-Claude Berthélemy, 2006. "To What Extent are African Education Policies Pro-poor?," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 15(3), pages 434-469, September.
    4. Daniel Cohen & Marcelo Soto, 2007. "Growth and human capital: good data, good results," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 51-76, March.
    5. Robert E. Lucas, 2000. "Some Macroeconomics for the 21st Century," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 14(1), pages 159-168, Winter.
    6. Jean-Charles Asselain & Christian Morrisson, 2005. "Les origines de la croissance économique moderne: éducation et démographie en Angleterre (1650-1750)," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 24(2), pages 195-220.
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