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Back to Work? Not Everyone. Examining the Longitudinal Relationships Between Informal Caregiving and Paid Work After Formal Retirement

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  • Ernest Gonzales
  • Yeonjung Lee
  • Celeste Brown

Abstract

Objectives:Research on unretirement (retirees who re-enter the workforce) is burgeoning. However, no longitudinal study has examined how informal care relates to unretirement. Utilizing role theory, this study aims to explore the heterogeneity of informal care responsibilities in retirement and to examine how informal care informs re-entering the workforce in later life.Method:Data were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study of fully retired individuals aged 62 years and older in 1998 (n = 8,334) and followed to 2008. Informal care responsibilities included helping a spouse/partner with activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs); helping parent(s) or parent-in-law(s) with ADLs or IADLs; and single or co-occurrence of care roles. Covariates included economic and social factors. Cox proportional hazard models were utilized.Results:When compared with noncaregivers, helping a spouse with ADLs or IADLs reduced the odds of returning-to-work in the subsequent wave by 78% and 55%, respectively (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.22, confidence interval [CI]: 0.06–0.87; HR: 0.45, CI: 0.21–0.97). There was no statistical difference to returning-to-work between noncaregivers and helping parents with ADLs/IADLs or multiple caregiving responsibilities.Discussion:Role theory provided a useful framework to understand the relationships of informal care and unretirement. Aspects of role strain emerged, where, spousal caregivers were less likely to come out of retirement. Spousal caregivers may face challenges to working longer, and subsequently, opportunities to bolster their retirement security are diminished. Research and policy implications are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Ernest Gonzales & Yeonjung Lee & Celeste Brown, 2017. "Back to Work? Not Everyone. Examining the Longitudinal Relationships Between Informal Caregiving and Paid Work After Formal Retirement," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 72(3), pages 532-539.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:geronb:v:72:y:2017:i:3:p:532-539.
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nicole Maestas, 2010. "Expectations and Realizations of Work after Retirement," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 45(3).
    2. Yeonjung Lee & Fengyan Tang & Kevin H. Kim & Steven M. Albert, 2015. "The Vicious Cycle of Parental Caregiving and Financial Well-being: A Longitudinal Study of Women," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 70(3), pages 425-431.
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    4. Pamela Herd, 2006. "Crediting Care or Marriage? Reforming Social Security Family Benefits," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 61(1), pages 24-34.
    5. Mary Ann Parris Stephens & Aloen L. Townsend & Lynn M. Martire & Jennifer Ann Druley, 2001. "Balancing Parent Care With Other Roles," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 56(1), pages 24-34.
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    Cited by:

    1. Margaret L. Longacre & Vivian G. Valdmanis & Elizabeth A. Handorf & Carolyn Y. Fang, 2017. "Work Impact and Emotional Stress Among Informal Caregivers for Older Adults," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 72(3), pages 522-531.

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