IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jinten/v18y2020i3d10.1007_s10843-020-00268-2.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Exploring the organizing and strategic factors of diasporic transnational entrepreneurs in Canada: An empirical study

Author

Listed:
  • Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda

    (University of Regina)

  • Elie V. Chrysostome

    (State University of New York)

Abstract

This paper examines opportunity identification and strategies as well as organizational practices used by diasporic transnational entrepreneurs residing in Canada. The findings indicate that the ability to identify products/services in one context and adapt them to fulfill needs in another context and a choice of appropriate competitive strategies are paramount to success. However, differentiation strategies seem preferred more often than low cost leadership strategies. Learning and creativity are the best means to identify and take advantage of opportunities. Although family and friends play an important role in the identification of opportunities, their importance decreases once a firm is created.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda & Elie V. Chrysostome, 2020. "Exploring the organizing and strategic factors of diasporic transnational entrepreneurs in Canada: An empirical study," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 336-372, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:jinten:v:18:y:2020:i:3:d:10.1007_s10843-020-00268-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s10843-020-00268-2
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10843-020-00268-2
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10843-020-00268-2?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marc H. Anderson & Mary L. Nichols, 2007. "Information Gathering and Changes in Threat and Opportunity Perceptions," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(3), pages 367-387, May.
    2. Israel Drori & Benson Honig & Mike Wright, 2009. "Transnational Entrepreneurship: An Emergent Field of Study," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(5), pages 1001-1022, September.
    3. Johan Wiklund & Dean A. Shepherd, 2008. "Portfolio Entrepreneurship: Habitual and Novice Founders, New Entry, and Mode of Organizing," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 32(4), pages 701-725, July.
    4. Thomas Astebro & Holger Herz & Ramana Nanda & Roberto A. Weber, 2014. "Seeking the Roots of Entrepreneurship: Insights from Behavioral Economics," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 28(3), pages 49-70, Summer.
    5. Sarstedt, Marko & Ringle, Christian M. & Smith, Donna & Reams, Russell & Hair, Joseph F., 2014. "Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 105-115.
    6. Siri Terjesen & Amanda Elam, 2009. "Transnational Entrepreneurs‘ Venture Internationalization Strategies: A Practice Theory Approach," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(5), pages 1093-1120, September.
    7. Tjai Nielsen & Liesl Riddle, 2009. "Investing in Peace: The Motivational Dynamics of Diaspora Investment in Post-Conflict Economies," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 89(4), pages 435-448, March.
    8. Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda & Elie Chrysostome, 2013. "Engaging diasporas as international entrepreneurs in developing countries: In search of determinants," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 30-64, March.
    9. Kate Gillespie & Liesl Riddle & Edward Sayre & David Sturges, 1999. "Diaspora Interest in Homeland Investment," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 30(3), pages 623-634, September.
    10. Heléne Lundberg & Anneli Rehnfors, 2018. "Transnational entrepreneurship: opportunity identification and venture creation," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 16(2), pages 150-175, June.
    11. David B. Audretsch (ed.), 2003. "SMEs in the Age of Globalization," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 2568.
    12. Gary S. Hansen & Birger Wernerfelt, 1989. "Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(5), pages 399-411, September.
    13. Kaish, Stanley & Gilad, Benjamin, 1991. "Characteristics of opportunities search of entrepreneurs versus executives: Sources, interests, general alertness," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 6(1), pages 45-61, January.
    14. Deniz Ucbasaran & Paul Westhead & Mike Wright, 2008. "Opportunity Identification and Pursuit: Does an Entrepreneur’s Human Capital Matter?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 30(2), pages 153-173, February.
    15. John Hulland, 1999. "Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(2), pages 195-204, February.
    16. Sharon A. Alvarez & Jay B. Barney & Philip Anderson, 2013. "Forming and Exploiting Opportunities: The Implications of Discovery and Creation Processes for Entrepreneurial and Organizational Research," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 24(1), pages 301-317, February.
    17. Pankaj C. Patel & Betty Conklin, 2009. "The Balancing Act: The Role of Transnational Habitus and Social Networks in Balancing Transnational Entrepreneurial Activities," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(5), pages 1045-1078, September.
    18. HERCIU Mihaela, 2017. "Drivers Of Firm Performance: Exploring Quantitative And Qualitative Approaches," Studies in Business and Economics, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 12(1), pages 79-84, April.
    19. Brinkerhoff, Jennifer M., 2016. "Institutional Reform and Diaspora Entrepreneurs: The In-Between Advantage," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780190278229.
    20. Ozgen, Eren & Baron, Robert A., 2007. "Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 174-192, March.
    21. Dana B Minbaeva & Torben Pedersen & Ingmar Björkman & Carl F Fey, 2014. "A retrospective on: MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 45(1), pages 52-62, January.
    22. Ciravegna, Luciano & Lopez, Luis & Kundu, Sumit, 2014. "Country of origin and network effects on internationalization: A comparative study of SMEs from an emerging and developed economy," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(5), pages 916-923.
    23. Jennifer M. Sequeira & Jon C. Carr & Abdul A. Rasheed, 2009. "Transnational Entrepreneurship: Determinants of Firm Type and Owner Attributions of Success," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(5), pages 1023-1044, September.
    24. Jean, Ruey-Jer Bryan & Tan, Danchi & Sinkovics, Rudolf R., 2011. "Ethnic ties, location choice, and firm performance in foreign direct investment: A study of Taiwanese business groups FDI in China," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(6), pages 627-635.
    25. Madsen, Tage Koed & Servais, Per, 1997. "The internationalization of Born Globals: An evolutionary process?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 6(6), pages 561-583, December.
    26. Robert Jensen & Gabriel Szulanski, 2004. "Stickiness and the adaptation of organizational practices in cross-border knowledge transfers," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(6), pages 508-523, November.
    27. Nicholas Van Hear & Robin Cohen, 2017. "Diasporas and conflict: distance, contiguity and spheres of engagement," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(2), pages 171-184, April.
    28. Ilídio Barreto, 2012. "Solving the Entrepreneurial Puzzle: The Role of Entrepreneurial Interpretation in Opportunity Formation and Related Processes," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(2), pages 356-380, March.
    29. Jan Brzozowski & Marco Cucculelli & Aleksander Surdej, 2014. "Transnational ties and performance of immigrant entrepreneurs: the role of home-country conditions," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(7-8), pages 546-573, October.
    30. Magnani, Giovanna & Zucchella, Antonella & Floriani, Dinorá Eliete, 2018. "The logic behind foreign market selection: Objective distance dimensions vs. strategic objectives and psychic distance," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 1-20.
    31. Léo-Paul Dana, 2017. "International entrepreneurship research: how it evolved and directions for the future," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 30(4), pages 477-489.
    32. Maria Elo & Susanne Sandberg & Per Servais & Rodrigo Basco & Allan Discua Cruz & Liesl Riddle & Florian Taübe, 2018. "Advancing the views on migrant and diaspora entrepreneurs in international entrepreneurship," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/286550, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    33. Riddle, Liesl & Hrivnak, George A. & Nielsen, Tjai M., 2010. "Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship in emerging markets: Bridging institutional divides," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 398-411, December.
    34. Daniel Sullivan, 1994. "Measuring the Degree of Internationalization of a Firm," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 25(2), pages 325-342, June.
    35. Dana Minbaeva & Torben Pedersen & Ingmar Björkman & Carl F Fey & Hyeon Jeong Park, 2014. "MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity and HRM," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 45(1), pages 38-51, January.
    36. Maria Elo, 2016. "Typology of diaspora entrepreneurship: Case studies in Uzbekistan," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 121-155, March.
    37. Harrison, Jeffrey S. & Wicks, Andrew C., 2013. "Stakeholder Theory, Value, and Firm Performance," Business Ethics Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, vol. 23(1), pages 97-124, January.
    38. Dimitratos, Pavlos & Lioukas, Spyros & Carter, Sara, 2004. "The relationship between entrepreneurship and international performance: the importance of domestic environment," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 19-41, February.
    39. Zaheer Khan & Oded Shenkar & Yong Kyu Lew, 2015. "Knowledge transfer from international joint ventures to local suppliers in a developing economy," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 46(6), pages 656-675, August.
    40. Scott Shane, 2000. "Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 11(4), pages 448-469, August.
    41. Szulanski, Gabriel, 2000. "The Process of Knowledge Transfer: A Diachronic Analysis of Stickiness," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 82(1), pages 9-27, May.
    42. Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda & Robert Anderson & Jack Ito & Garnet Garven, 2010. "Structural and competitive determinants of globally oriented small- and medium-sized enterprises: An empirical analysis," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 55-86, March.
    43. Matthew Bailey, 2017. "Absorptive Capacity, International Business Knowledge Transfer, and Local Adaptation: Establishing Discount Department Stores in Australia," Australian Economic History Review, Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 57(2), pages 194-216, July.
    44. Xiaohua Lin & Shaw Tao, 2012. "Transnational entrepreneurs: Characteristics, drivers, and success factors," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 50-69, March.
    45. Sarika Pruthi & Anuradha Basu & Mike Wright, 2018. "Ethnic ties, motivations, and home country entry strategy of transnational entrepreneurs," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 16(2), pages 210-243, June.
    46. Paul D Ellis, 2011. "Social ties and international entrepreneurship: Opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 42(1), pages 99-127, January.
    47. Corbett, Andrew C., 2007. "Learning asymmetries and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 97-118, January.
    48. Mark Casson & Nigel Wadeson, 2007. "The Discovery of Opportunities: Extending the Economic Theory of the Entrepreneur," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 28(4), pages 285-300, April.
    49. Taco H. Reus & Bruce T. Lamont & Kimberly M. Ellis, 2016. "A darker side of knowledge transfer following international acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(5), pages 932-944, May.
    50. Rana, Mohammad B. & Elo, Maria, 2017. "Transnational Diaspora and Civil Society Actors Driving MNE Internationalisation: The Case of Grameenphone in Bangladesh," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 87-106.
    51. Yu, Tony Fu-Lai, 2001. "Entrepreneurial Alertness and Discovery," The Review of Austrian Economics, Springer;Society for the Development of Austrian Economics, vol. 14(1), pages 47-63, March.
    52. Suddaby, Roy & Bruton, Garry D. & Si, Steven X., 2015. "Entrepreneurship through a qualitative lens: Insights on the construction and/or discovery of entrepreneurial opportunity," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 1-10.
    53. Léo-Paul Dana, 2017. "International entrepreneurship research: how it evolved and directions for the future," Post-Print hal-02008539, HAL.
    54. Maria Elo & Susanne Sandberg & Per Servais & Rodrigo Basco & Allan Discua Cruz & Liesl Riddle & Florian Täube, 2018. "Advancing the views on migrant and diaspora entrepreneurs in international entrepreneurship," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 16(2), pages 119-133, June.
    55. Julie Battilana & Bernard Leca & Eva Boxenbaum, 2009. "How actors change institutions : Towards a theory of institutional entrepreneurship," Post-Print hal-00576509, HAL.
    56. Garry D. Bruton & David Ahlstrom & Han–Lin Li, 2010. "Institutional Theory and Entrepreneurship: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Need to Move in the Future?," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 34(3), pages 421-440, May.
    57. Zucchella, Antonella & Palamara, G. & Denicolai, S., 2007. "The drivers of the early internationalization of the firm," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 268-280, September.
    58. Friederike Welter, 2011. "Contextualizing Entrepreneurship—Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 35(1), pages 165-184, January.
    59. Sarstedt, Marko & Hair, Joseph F. & Ringle, Christian M. & Thiele, Kai O. & Gudergan, Siegfried P., 2016. "Estimation issues with PLS and CBSEM: Where the bias lies!," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 3998-4010.
    60. Knight, Gary A., 2001. "Entrepreneurship and strategy in the international SME," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 155-171.
    61. Wenhong Chen & Justin Tan, 2009. "Understanding Transnational Entrepreneurship Through a Network Lens: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(5), pages 1079-1091, September.
    62. Robert A. Baron & Michael D. Ensley, 2006. "Opportunity Recognition as the Detection of Meaningful Patterns: Evidence from Comparisons of Novice and Experienced Entrepreneurs," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(9), pages 1331-1344, September.
    63. Joan Lilian Ogendo, 2017. "Emerging Economy MNEs," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-319-52036-0, November.
    64. Baltar, Fabiola & Brunet Icart, Ignasi, 2013. "Entrepreneurial gain, cultural similarity and transnational entrepreneurship," Nülan. Deposited Documents 1892, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Centro de Documentación.
    65. Davidsson, Per, 2015. "Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus: A re-conceptualization," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 674-695.
    66. Dean A. Shepherd & Dawn R. DeTienne, 2005. "Prior Knowledge, Potential Financial Reward, and Opportunity Identification," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 29(1), pages 91-112, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Abd Hamid, Hamizah & Pidduck, Robert J. & Newman, Alexander & Ayob, Abu Hanifah & Sidek, Farhana, 2023. "Intercultural resource arbitrageurs: A review and extension of the literature on transnational entrepreneurs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    2. Carson Duan, 2022. "Transnational immigrant entrepreneurs in the context of dual entrepreneurial ecosystem," International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293), Bussecon International Academy, vol. 4(4), pages 24-38, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Abd Hamid, Hamizah & Pidduck, Robert J. & Newman, Alexander & Ayob, Abu Hanifah & Sidek, Farhana, 2023. "Intercultural resource arbitrageurs: A review and extension of the literature on transnational entrepreneurs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    2. Sandoz Laure & Mittmasser Christina & Riaño Yvonne & Piguet Etienne, 2022. "A Review of Transnational Migrant Entrepreneurship: Perspectives on Unequal Spatialities," ZFW – Advances in Economic Geography, De Gruyter, vol. 66(3), pages 137-150, October.
    3. Kabbara, Diala & Zucchella, Antonella, 2023. "Transnational entrepreneurship. Insights from female entrepreneurs in the modest fashion industry," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(5).
    4. Aki Harima & Thomas Baron, 2020. "Is this Transnational Entrepreneurship? Five Cases in Which It Is Hard to Say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 6(1), pages 12-40, January.
    5. Kunlin Xu & Judy Drennan & Shane Mathews, 2019. "Immigrant entrepreneurs and their cross-cultural capabilities: A study of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 520-557, December.
    6. Nerine Mary George & Vinit Parida & Tom Lahti & Joakim Wincent, 2016. "A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: insights on influencing factors," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 309-350, June.
    7. Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda & Elie Chrysostome, 2013. "Engaging diasporas as international entrepreneurs in developing countries: In search of determinants," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 30-64, March.
    8. Elo, Maria & Täube, Florian A. & Servais, Per, 2022. "Who is doing “transnational diaspora entrepreneurship”? Understanding formal identity and status," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(1).
    9. Rose Quan & Mingyue Fan & Michael Zhang & Huan Sun, 2019. "A dynamic dual model: The determinants of transnational migrant entrepreneurs' embeddedness in the UK," Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, Fundacja Upowszechniająca Wiedzę i Naukę "Cognitione", vol. 15(2), pages 29-56.
    10. Sharon Doreen Mayer & Aki Harima & Jörg Freiling, 2015. "The Adaptation of Intentional Immigrant Entrepreneurs: A Case Study," Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship at the Cracow University of Economics., vol. 3(3), pages 95-122.
    11. Eduardo Picanço Cruz & Roberto Pessoa QueirozFalcão & Rafael Cuba Mancebo, 2020. "Market orientation and strategic decisions on immigrant and ethnic small firms," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 227-255, June.
    12. Nerys Fuller-Love & Mofoluke Akiode, 2020. "Transnational Entrepreneurs Dynamics in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A Critical Review," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 6(1), pages 41-66, January.
    13. Maximilian Scheu & Andreas Kuckertz, 2023. "Explorers of the twenty-first century? A systematic literature review of the scholarship on international entrepreneurs from developed economies," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 177-235, March.
    14. Tiia Vissak & Xiaotian Zhang, 2014. "Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs’ involvement in internationalization and innovation: Three Canadian cases," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 183-201, June.
    15. Farhad Uddin Ahmed & Louis Brennan, 2019. "The impact of Founder’s human capital on firms’ extent of early internationalisation: Evidence from a least-developed country," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 615-659, September.
    16. Bolzani, Daniela & Marabello, Selenia & Honig, Benson, 2020. "Exploring the multi-level processes of legitimacy in transnational social enterprises," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 35(3).
    17. Shayegheh Ashourizadeh & Jizhen Li & Kent Adsbøll Wickstrøm, 2022. "Immigrants` Entrepreneurial Networks and Export: A Comparative Study," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 1291-1318, September.
    18. Nick Williams & Adnan Efendic, 2019. "Internal displacement and external migration in a post-conflict economy: Perceptions of institutions among migrant entrepreneurs," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 558-585, December.
    19. Daniela Bolzani & Riccardo Fini & Gian Luca Marzocchi, 2021. "The influence of entrepreneurs’ immigrant status and time on the perceived likelihood of exporting," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 593-623, June.
    20. Pruthi, Sarika & Tasavori, Misagh, 2022. "Staying in or stepping out? Growth strategies of second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(5).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:jinten:v:18:y:2020:i:3:d:10.1007_s10843-020-00268-2. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.