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The Effect of Protest Votes on the Estimates of WTP for Use Values of Recreational Sites

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Author Info
Elisabetta Strazzera ()
Margarita Genius
Riccardo Scarpa
George Hutchinson

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Abstract

Contingent valuation studies are often characterized by a considerable number of protest responses, which may cause selectivity bias on the final estimates for WTP. Sample selection models can detect and – if necessary – correct selectivity bias. In economic applications where the relevant dependent variable is continuous, sample selection models are generally estimated using Heckman's 2-step method rather than the FIML estimator. Either method has its own drawback: computational complexity for the FIML method, susceptibility to collinearity problems for the 2-step method. Using data on valuation of forest resources for recreational use, we analyse the performance of the two estimators. In this application, given the presence of some collinearity, the FIML is preferred to the 2-step method. A procedure is outlined to deal with selectivity problems in similar settings. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003

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File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1023/A:1025098431440
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Publisher Info
Article provided by European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists in its journal Environmental and Resource Economics.

Volume (Year): 25 (2003)
Issue (Month): 4 (August)
Pages: 461-476
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Handle: RePEc:kap:enreec:v:25:y:2003:i:4:p:461-476

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Related research
Keywords: contingent valuation FIML protest responses sample selection 2-step method

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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Shyamsundar, Priya & Kramer, Randall A., 1996. "Tropical Forest Protection: An Empirical Analysis of the Costs Borne by Local People," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 129-144, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Trudy Ann Cameron & John Quiggin, 1992. "Estimation Using Contingent Valuation Data From a "Dichotomous Choice with Follow-Up" Questionnaire," UCLA Economics Working Papers 653, UCLA Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
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  3. Jorgensen, Bradley S. & Syme, Geoffrey J., 2000. "Protest responses and willingness to pay: attitude toward paying for stormwater pollution abatement," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 251-265, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Herriges, Joseph A. & Shogren, Jason F., 1996. "Starting Point Bias in Dichotomous Choice Valuation with Follow-Up Questioning," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 112-131, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  5. Siu Fai Leung & Shihti Yu, 2000. "Collinearity and Two-Step Estimation of Sample Selection Models: Problems, Origins, and Remedies," Computational Economics, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 173-199, June. [Downloadable!]
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  6. Elisabetta Strazzera & Riccardo Scarpa & Pinuccia Calia & Guy D. Garrod & Kenneth G. Willis, 2003. "Modelling zero values and protest responses in contingent valuation surveys," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 35(2), pages 133-138, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Timothy Haab, 1999. "Nonparticipation or Misspecification? The Impacts of Nonparticipation on Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 14(4), pages 443-461, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Mark Yuying An & Roberto Ayala, 1996. "A Mixture Model of Willingness to Pay Distributions," Econometrics 9611002, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
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  9. Bradley Jorgensen & Geoffrey Syme & Brian Bishop & Blair Nancarrow, 1999. "Protest Responses in Contingent Valuation," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 14(1), pages 131-150, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Donaldson, Cam, et al, 1998. "Limited Dependent Variables in Willingness to Pay Studies: Applications in Health Care," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 30(5), pages 667-77, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Puhani, Patrick A, 2000. " The Heckman Correction for Sample Selection and Its Critique," Journal of Economic Surveys, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 14(1), pages 53-68, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  1. Paulo Nunes & Jeroen van den Bergh, 2004. "Can People Value Protection against Invasive Marine Species? Evidence from a Joint TC–CV Survey in the Netherlands," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 28(4), pages 517-532, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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