IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i10p8400-d1152745.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Grid-Following Inverter-Based Resource: Numerical State–Space Modeling

Author

Listed:
  • Abdullah Alassaf

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55211, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ibrahim Alsaleh

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55211, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ayoob Alateeq

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55211, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hamoud Alafnan

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55211, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

In the pursuit of a sustainable electric power system, the integration of renewable energy sources and distributed energy resources is gradually replacing traditional power generation. These new resources are integrated into the grid via inverters, which, despite their efficient performance, present dynamic challenges to the power grid when implemented on a large scale. To maintain grid stability and ensure effective regulation during abnormal operations, various modeling techniques are necessary; while the dynamics of inverter-based resources (IBRs) are traditionally modeled by transfer functions, this paper sheds light on differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) modeling and numerical integration methods. The inherent limitations of transfer function modeling stem from its restricted applicability, as it is exclusively suitable for linear and time-invariant systems. In contrast, the nonlinear DAEs of the IBR system can be converted into a state–space form, which offers a versatile framework for modeling, evaluating, and designing a diverse array of systems. In addition to being compatible with time-varying systems and multiple-input multiple-output systems, the state–space technique may incorporate saturation and dead zone characteristics into the dynamic model. Our research focuses on IBR modeling in a grid-following scheme, which is current-controlled and synchronized to the grid by a phase-locked loop (PLL). The presented state–space model consists of the inverter, grid, control, and designed PLL. Beyond the discussion of its application to IBRs, the presented method holds the potential to solve a wide range of DAEs. The proposed model is compared with a benchmarked system.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdullah Alassaf & Ibrahim Alsaleh & Ayoob Alateeq & Hamoud Alafnan, 2023. "Grid-Following Inverter-Based Resource: Numerical State–Space Modeling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:10:p:8400-:d:1152745
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/10/8400/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/10/8400/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pepermans, G. & Driesen, J. & Haeseldonckx, D. & Belmans, R. & D'haeseleer, W., 2005. "Distributed generation: definition, benefits and issues," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(6), pages 787-798, April.
    2. Filip Filipović & Milutin Petronijević & Nebojša Mitrović & Bojan Banković & Vojkan Kostić, 2019. "A Novel Repetitive Control Enhanced Phase-Locked Loop for Synchronization of Three-Phase Grid-Connected Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-25, December.
    3. Mansoor Alturki & Rabeh Abbassi & Abdullah Albaker & Houssem Jerbi, 2022. "A New Hybrid Synchronization PLL Scheme for Interconnecting Renewable Energy Sources to an Abnormal Electric Grid," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-21, March.
    4. Yijia Cao & Jiaqi Yu & Yong Xu & Yong Li & Jingrong Yu, 2017. "An Efficient Phase-Locked Loop for Distorted Three-Phase Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Pereira da Silva, Patrícia & Dantas, Guilherme & Pereira, Guillermo Ivan & Câmara, Lorrane & De Castro, Nivalde J., 2019. "Photovoltaic distributed generation – An international review on diffusion, support policies, and electricity sector regulatory adaptation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 30-39.
    2. Funcke, Simon & Bauknecht, Dierk, 2016. "Typology of centralised and decentralised visions for electricity infrastructure," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 67-74.
    3. Blarke, Morten B., 2012. "Towards an intermittency-friendly energy system: Comparing electric boilers and heat pumps in distributed cogeneration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 349-365.
    4. Da Li & Shijie Zhang & Yunhan Xiao, 2020. "Interval Optimization-Based Optimal Design of Distributed Energy Resource Systems under Uncertainties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-18, July.
    5. Nouha Dkhili & David Salas & Julien Eynard & Stéphane Thil & Stéphane Grieu, 2021. "Innovative Application of Model-Based Predictive Control for Low-Voltage Power Distribution Grids with Significant Distributed Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-28, March.
    6. Simone Di Leo & Marta Chicca & Cinzia Daraio & Andrea Guerrini & Stefano Scarcella, 2022. "A Framework for the Analysis of the Sustainability of the Energy Retail Market," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-28, June.
    7. Paul Westacott & Chiara Candelise, 2016. "A Novel Geographical Information Systems Framework to Characterize Photovoltaic Deployment in the UK: Initial Evidence," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-20, January.
    8. Zeeshan Anjum Memon & Dalila Mat Said & Mohammad Yusri Hassan & Hafiz Mudassir Munir & Faisal Alsaif & Sager Alsulamy, 2023. "Effective Deterministic Methodology for Enhanced Distribution Network Performance and Plug-in Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-37, April.
    9. Miguel Carpintero-Rentería & David Santos-Martín & Josep M. Guerrero, 2019. "Microgrids Literature Review through a Layers Structure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-22, November.
    10. Paliwal, Priyanka & Patidar, N.P. & Nema, R.K., 2014. "Planning of grid integrated distributed generators: A review of technology, objectives and techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 557-570.
    11. Rezaee Jordehi, Ahmad, 2016. "Allocation of distributed generation units in electric power systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 893-905.
    12. Alarcon-Rodriguez, Arturo & Ault, Graham & Galloway, Stuart, 2010. "Multi-objective planning of distributed energy resources: A review of the state-of-the-art," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(5), pages 1353-1366, June.
    13. Kinnon, Michael Mac & Razeghi, Ghazal & Samuelsen, Scott, 2021. "The role of fuel cells in port microgrids to support sustainable goods movement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    14. Agrell, Per J. & Bogetoft, Peter & Mikkers, Misja, 2013. "Smart-grid investments, regulation and organization," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 656-666.
    15. Igual, R. & Medrano, C., 2020. "Research challenges in real-time classification of power quality disturbances applicable to microgrids: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    16. Aydın, Erdal & Brounen, Dirk & Ergün, Ahmet, 2023. "The rebound effect of solar panel adoption: Evidence from Dutch households," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    17. Panagis N. Vovos & Ioannis D. Bouloumpasis & Konstantinos G. Georgakas, 2020. "Assessment Indexes for Converter P-Q Control Coupling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-17, March.
    18. Ozoegwu, C.G. & Eze, C. & Onwosi, C.O. & Mgbemene, C.A. & Ozor, P.A., 2017. "Biomass and bioenergy potential of cassava waste in Nigeria: Estimations based partly on rural-level garri processing case studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 625-638.
    19. Kamel, Salah & El-Sattar, Hoda Abd & Vera, David & Jurado, Francisco, 2018. "Bioenergy potential from agriculture residues for energy generation in Egypt," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 28-37.
    20. de Joode, J. & Jansen, J.C. & van der Welle, A.J. & Scheepers, M.J.J., 2009. "Increasing penetration of renewable and distributed electricity generation and the need for different network regulation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 2907-2915, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:10:p:8400-:d:1152745. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.