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The Role of Renewable Energies, Storage and Sector-Coupling Technologies in the German Energy Sector under Different CO 2 Emission Restrictions

Author

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  • Arjuna Nebel

    (Faculty of Process Engineering, Energy and Mechanical Systems, Cologne Institute for Renewable Energy, TH Köln, 50678 Köln, Germany)

  • Julián Cantor

    (Faculty of Process Engineering, Energy and Mechanical Systems, Cologne Institute for Renewable Energy, TH Köln, 50678 Köln, Germany)

  • Sherif Salim

    (Faculty of Process Engineering, Energy and Mechanical Systems, Cologne Institute for Renewable Energy, TH Köln, 50678 Köln, Germany)

  • Amro Salih

    (Faculty of Process Engineering, Energy and Mechanical Systems, Cologne Institute for Renewable Energy, TH Köln, 50678 Köln, Germany)

  • Dixit Patel

    (Faculty of Process Engineering, Energy and Mechanical Systems, Cologne Institute for Renewable Energy, TH Köln, 50678 Köln, Germany)

Abstract

This study aimed to simulate the sector-coupled energy system of Germany in 2030 with the restriction on CO 2 emission levels and to observe how the system evolves with decreasing emissions. Moreover, the study presented an analysis of the interconnection between electricity, heat and hydrogen and how technologies providing flexibility will react when restricting CO 2 emissions levels. This investigation has not yet been carried out with the technologies under consideration in this study. It shows how the energy system behaves under different set boundaries of CO 2 emissions and how the costs and technologies change with different emission levels. The study results show that the installed capacities of renewable technologies constantly increase with higher limitations on emissions. However, their usage rates decreases with low CO 2 emission levels in response to higher curtailed energy. The sector-coupled technologies behave differently in this regard. Heat pumps show similar behaviour, while the electrolysers usage rate increases with more renewable energy penetration. The system flexibility is not primarily driven by the hydrogen sector, but in low CO 2 emission level scenarios, the flexibility shifts towards the heating sector and electrical batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Arjuna Nebel & Julián Cantor & Sherif Salim & Amro Salih & Dixit Patel, 2022. "The Role of Renewable Energies, Storage and Sector-Coupling Technologies in the German Energy Sector under Different CO 2 Emission Restrictions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:16:p:10379-:d:893435
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Diana Carolina Guío-Pérez & Guillermo Martinez Castilla & David Pallarès & Henrik Thunman & Filip Johnsson, 2023. "Thermochemical Energy Storage with Integrated District Heat Production–A Case Study of Sweden," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-26, January.
    2. Qichen Wang & Zhengmeng Hou & Yilin Guo & Liangchao Huang & Yanli Fang & Wei Sun & Yuhan Ge, 2023. "Enhancing Energy Transition through Sector Coupling: A Review of Technologies and Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-31, July.

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