IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i23p9895-d451592.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Drivers of Farm Households’ Perceived Risk Sources and Factors Affecting Uptake of Mitigation Strategies in Punjab Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Amjed Iqbal

    (Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan)

  • Azhar Abbas

    (Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan)

  • Syed Asif Ali Naqvi

    (Department of Economics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Rizwan

    (School of Economics and Management, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
    Changjiang River Belt Economic and Development Research Institute, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
    Centre for Agriculture Strategy and Development (CAS-D), PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan)

  • Abdus Samie

    (Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan)

  • Umar Ijaz Ahmed

    (Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 66000, Pakistan)

Abstract

Climate change is a serious threat to agriculture in many developing countries including Pakistan. Changing pattern of climate and its extreme conditions have already led to a decline in crop productivity. However, farmers in developing countries experience risks beyond just climate change, many of which are related to policy, strategy, and factor endowments. The impact of these risks have serious implications for food security, rural livelihood, farm households’ wellbeing, and, above all, their motive to adapt to these changes in the long-term. To have an in-depth knowledge of farmers’ perceptions about the changing climate, this study investigates various aspects such as the determinants of perception about various risk sources and the relevant mitigation and adaptation options. To do so, 480 farmers from agriculture-dominated Punjab province were randomly selected in order for us to evaluate their awareness levels, socioeconomic dynamics that influence their perceptions, and various factors that influence their perceptions to achieve the desired findings. We applied the principle factor analysis approach to ascertain major sources and strategies based on farmers’ perception and planned/practiced options. Further, regression analysis was done to evaluate the factors influencing the perception levels of farmers about risk sources. The results showed that majority of the farmers faced various risks, and were trying to adapt crop husbandry practices towards these perceived risks. Change in agricultural policies (3.96) was placed as the highest risk source, while the need for small dams/turbine schemes was the top priority for risk management strategy (mean value of 4.39). By observing the effect of farm and farmer’s characteristics on risk sources and risk management strategies, it was revealed that these characteristics ominously provoked farmers’ perspectives about risk sources and management strategies. The findings imply the need for coherent environmental policy that encompasses price stability, community-led adaptation campaigns, and easy/uninterrupted flows of information that enables the farming community to facilitate sustainable decision processes.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Amjed Iqbal & Azhar Abbas & Syed Asif Ali Naqvi & Muhammad Rizwan & Abdus Samie & Umar Ijaz Ahmed, 2020. "Drivers of Farm Households’ Perceived Risk Sources and Factors Affecting Uptake of Mitigation Strategies in Punjab Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:23:p:9895-:d:451592
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/23/9895/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/23/9895/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. J. Brian Hardaker & James W. Richardson & Gudbrand Lien & Keith D. Schumann, 2004. "Stochastic efficiency analysis with risk aversion bounds: a simplified approach," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 48(2), pages 253-270, June.
    2. Wim Kellens & Ruud Zaalberg & Tijs Neutens & Wouter Vanneuville & Philippe De Maeyer, 2011. "An Analysis of the Public Perception of Flood Risk on the Belgian Coast," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(7), pages 1055-1068, July.
    3. Hardaker, J. Brian, 2000. "Some Issues in Dealing with Risk in Agriculture," Working Papers 12912, University of New England, School of Economics.
    4. Kenneth Poon & Alfons Weersink, 2011. "Factors affecting variability in farm and off‐farm income," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 71(3), pages 379-397, November.
    5. Robert Holzmann & Steen Jørgensen, 2001. "Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social Protection, and Beyond," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 8(4), pages 529-556, August.
    6. Korir, Luke Kipkurgat, 2011. "Risk Management Among Agricultural Households And The Role Of Off-Farm Investments In Uasin Gishu County, Kenya," Research Theses 117806, Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics.
    7. Laurie Pearce, 2003. "Disaster Management and Community Planning, and Public Participation: How to Achieve Sustainable Hazard Mitigation," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 28(2), pages 211-228, March.
    8. Ole Jakob Bergfjord, 2009. "Risk perception and risk management in Norwegian aquaculture," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1), pages 91-104, January.
    9. Sulewski, Piotr & Kłoczko-Gajewska, Anna, 2014. "Farmers’ risk perception, risk aversion and strategies to cope with production risk: an empirical study from Poland," Studies in Agricultural Economics, Research Institute for Agricultural Economics, vol. 116(3), pages 1-8, December.
    10. Gudbrand Lien & Ola Flaten & Anne Moxnes Jervell & Martha Ebbesvik & Matthias Koesling & Paul Steinar Valle, 2006. "Management and Risk Characteristics of Part-Time and Full-Time Farmers in Norway," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 28(1), pages 111-131.
    11. Velandia, Margarita & Rejesus, Roderick M. & Knight, Thomas O. & Sherrick, Bruce J., 2009. "Factors Affecting Farmers' Utilization of Agricultural Risk Management Tools: The Case of Crop Insurance, Forward Contracting, and Spreading Sales," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 41(1), pages 107-123, April.
    12. Gudbrand Lien & Ola Flaten & Anne Moxnes Jervell & Martha Ebbesvik & Matthias Koesling & Paul Steinar Valle, 2006. "Management and Risk Characteristics of Part-Time and Full-Time Farmers in Norway," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 28(1), pages 111-131.
    13. David C. Hall & Thomas O. Knight & Keith H. Coble & Alan E. Baquet & George F. Patrick, 2003. "Analysis of Beef Producers' Risk Management Perceptions and Desire for Further Risk Management Education," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 25(2), pages 430-448.
    14. Muhammad Rizwan & Ping Qing & Abdul Saboor & Muhammad Amjed Iqbal & Adnan Nazir, 2020. "Production Risk and Competency among Categorized Rice Peasants: Cross-Sectional Evidence from an Emerging Country," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-15, May.
    15. Gilbert Nartea & Satit Aditto & Christopher Gan, 2012. "Sources of Risk and Risk Management Strategies: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in a Developing Economy," Chapters, in: Nerija Banaitiene (ed.), Risk Management - Current Issues and Challenges, IntechOpen.
    16. Swallow, B. M. & Woudyalew, M., 1994. "Evaluating willingness to contribute to a local public good: Application of contingent valuation to tsetse control in Ethiopia," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 153-161, November.
    17. Frank Ellis, 2000. "The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(2), pages 289-302, May.
    18. Nasir Mahmood & Muhammad Arshad & Harald Kaechele & Muhammad Faisal Shahzad & Ayat Ullah & Klaus Mueller, 2020. "Fatalism, Climate Resiliency Training and Farmers’ Adaptation Responses: Implications for Sustainable Rainfed-Wheat Production in Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-21, February.
    19. Joost M.E. Pennings & Olga Isengildina-Massa & Scott H. Irwin & Philip Garcia & Darrel L. Good, 2008. "Producers' complex risk management choices," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(1), pages 31-54.
    20. Kinfe Gebreegziabher & Tewodros Tadesse, 2014. "Risk perception and management in smallholder dairy farming in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(3), pages 367-381, March.
    21. Amireeta Rawlani & Benjamin Sovacool, 2011. "Building responsiveness to climate change through community based adaptation in Bangladesh," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 16(8), pages 845-863, December.
    22. Dewan Ali Ahsan, 2011. "Farmers' motivations, risk perceptions and risk management strategies in a developing economy: Bangladesh experience," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(3), pages 325-349, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bader Alhafi Alotaibi & Azhar Abbas & Raza Ullah & Roshan K. Nayak & Muhammad I. Azeem & Hazem S. Kassem, 2021. "Climate Change Concerns of Saudi Arabian Farmers: The Drivers and Their Role in Perceived Capacity Building Needs for Adaptation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-22, November.
    2. Muhammad Amjed Iqbal & Muhammad Rizwan & Azhar Abbas & Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum & Rakhshanda Kousar & Muhammad Nazam & Abdus Samie & Nasir Nadeem, 2021. "A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-14, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bishu, Kinfe & O'Reilly, Seamus & Lahiff, Edward & Steiner, Bodo, 2016. "Cattle farmers’ perceptions of risk and risk management strategies," MPRA Paper 74954, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Thi Tam Duong & Tom Brewer & Jo Luck & Kerstin Zander, 2019. "A Global Review of Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural Risks and Risk Management Strategies," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Larcher, Manuela & Schönhart, Martin & Schmid, Erwin, 2016. "Risikobewertung und Risikomanagement landwirtschaftlicher BetriebsleiterInnen in Österreich – deskriptive Befragungsergebnisse 2015," Discussion Papers DP-59-2016, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Economic Development.
    4. Manuela Larcher & Martin Schönhart & Erwin Schmid, 2016. "Risikobewertung und Risikomanagement landwirtschaftlicher BetriebsleiterInnen in Österreich – deskriptive Befragungsergebnisse 2015," Working Papers 592016, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Economic Development.
    5. repec:zbw:inwedp:592016 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Muhammad Farhan & Muhammad Asim Yasin & Khuda Bakhsh & Rafaqet Ali & Sami Ullah & Saad Munir, 2022. "Determinants of risk attitude and risk perception under changing climate among farmers in Punjab, Pakistan," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 114(2), pages 2163-2176, November.
    7. Wocken, C. & Schaper, C. & Lassen, B. & Spiller, A. & Theuvsen, L., 2009. "Risikowahrnehmung in Milchviehbetrieben: Eine empirische Studie zur vergleichenden Bewertung von Politik-, Markt- und Produktionsrisiken," Proceedings “Schriften der Gesellschaft für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften des Landbaues e.V.”, German Association of Agricultural Economists (GEWISOLA), vol. 44, March.
    8. Mbonane, Nobuhle Duduzile, 2018. "An analysis of farmers’ preferences for crop insurance: a case of maize farmers in Swaziland," Research Theses 334771, Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics.
    9. Jayanti Mala Nayak & A V Manjunatha, 2019. "Risk sources and management strategies of farmers: Evidence from mahanadi river basin of Odisha in India," Working Papers 436, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.
    10. Greiner, Romy & Miller, Owen & Patterson, Louisa, 2008. "The role of grazier motivations and risk attitudes in the adoption of grazing best management practices," 2008 Conference (52nd), February 5-8, 2008, Canberra, Australia 6002, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    11. Muhamad Zahid Muhamad & Mad Nasir Shamsudin & Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman & Nolila Mohd Nawi & Jamaliah Laham, 2022. "Investigating Yield Variability and Technical Efficiency of Smallholders Pineapple Production in Johor," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-18, November.
    12. Waweru, Caroline Waithira & Nyikal, Rose & Busienei, John R, 2017. "An Analysis Of Risk Attitudes And Risk Management Strategies Among Dairy Farmers In Murang’A County, Kenya," Dissertations and Theses 271063, University of Nairobi, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    13. Sauer, Johannes & Finger, Robert, 2014. "Climate Risk Management Strategies in Agriculture – The Case of Flood Risk," 2014 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2014, Minneapolis, Minnesota 172679, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    14. Xiaoping Li & Yan Yan & Liuyang Yao, 2020. "‘Get a Fish’ vs. ‘Get a Fishing Skill’: Farmers’ Preferred Compensation Methods to Control Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-13, April.
    15. Ioanna G. Gkiza & Stefanos A. Nastis, 2017. "Health and Women’s Role in Agricultural Production Efficiency," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 39(3), pages 428-440.
    16. Nchanji, Eileen Bogweh & Nchanji, Yvonne Kiki, 2022. "Urban farmers coping strategies in the wake of urbanization and changing market in Tamale, Northern Ghana," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    17. Lien, Gudbrand D. & Kumbhakar, Subal C. & Hardaker, J. Brian, 2008. "Determinants Of Part-Time Farming And Its Effect On Farm Productivity And Efficiency," 107th Seminar, January 30-February 1, 2008, Sevilla, Spain 6701, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    18. Fahad, Shah & Wang, Jing & Hu, Guangyin & Wang, Hui & Yang, Xiaoying & Shah, Ashfaq Ahmad & Huong, Nguyen Thi Lan & Bilal, Arshad, 2018. "Empirical analysis of factors influencing farmers crop insurance decisions in Pakistan: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 459-467.
    19. Hania Arif & Mehak Masood & Tahir Mahmood & Muneeb Aamie, 2021. "Conservation of Biodiversity & the Agriculture Sector," International Journal of Agriculture & Sustainable Development, 50sea, vol. 3(3), pages 72-76, September.
    20. Bojnec, Stefan & Ferto, Imre, 2011. "Impact of Off-farm Income on Farm Efficiency in Slovenia," 2011 International Congress, August 30-September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland 114258, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    21. Maria L. Loureiro, 2009. "Farmers' health and agricultural productivity," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 40(4), pages 381-388, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:23:p:9895-:d:451592. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.