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Comparison of Carbon Emission Reduction Modes: Impacts of Capital Constraint and Risk Aversion

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  • Weisheng Deng

    (School of Development Studies, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China)

  • Lu Liu

    (School of Economics and Management, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China)

Abstract

The need for low-carbon development has become a social consensus. Increasing numbers of enterprises implement carbon emission reduction by using carbon cap-and-trade mechanisms to cater to consumers and practice social responsibility. From the manufacturer’s perspective, they can implement carbon emission reduction investment by themselves or outsource it to the retailer or energy service company (referred as ESCO). To explore the best carbon emission reduction mode selection strategy, we built and compared three carbon emission reduction modes—manufacturer emission reduction, retailer emission reduction, and ESCO emission reduction—by using Stackelberg game models. The joint decisions of operation, finance, and environment were obtained by using the backward induction approach. The impacts of key parameters were analyzed, such as the retailer’s initial capital amount and the decision-makers’ risk aversion degree on the low carbon supply chain operation. Our results show that the optimal carbon emission reduction mode for the manufacturer is changed as the retailer’s initial capital amount changes. Carbon emission reduction by the ESCO (retailer) becomes the dominant strategy for both the economy and environment when the cost advantage (cash investment ratio) of the ESCO (retailer) carbon emission reduction mode is sufficiently high (low). Overall, decision-makers’ risk aversion is detrimental to both the economic and environmental developments of the supply chain. We also designed contracts to realize the coordination of risk-neutral, risk-averse, capital-adequate, and capital-constrained low-carbon supply chains. These results give guidance for decision-makers to better manage the low-carbon supply chain in the context of fully considering the influential factors of risk aversion and capital constraint.

Suggested Citation

  • Weisheng Deng & Lu Liu, 2019. "Comparison of Carbon Emission Reduction Modes: Impacts of Capital Constraint and Risk Aversion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-30, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:6:p:1661-:d:215362
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    Cited by:

    1. Jun Wang & Rui Ma & Xinman Lu & Baoqin Yu, 2022. "Emission reduction cooperation in a dynamic supply chain with competitive retailers," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(12), pages 14261-14297, December.
    2. Qiuyue Li & Hao Wang & Zhenshan Li & Shangwei Yuan, 2022. "A Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Carbon-Reduction Policies on Outsourcing Remanufacturing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-22, March.
    3. Shizhen Bai & Yonggan Wang, 2022. "Green Investment Decision and Coordination in a Retailer-Dominated Supply Chain Considering Risk Aversion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-36, October.
    4. Hao Zou & Jin Qin & Xiaofeng Long, 2022. "Coordination Decisions for a Low-Carbon Supply Chain Considering Risk Aversion under Carbon Quota Policy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-24, February.
    5. Jun Wang & Qian Zhang & Xinman Lu & Rui Ma & Baoqin Yu & Huming Gao, 2022. "Emission reduction and coordination of a dynamic supply chain with green reputation," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 3945-3988, September.
    6. Keyong Zhang & Chunxia Li & Jianming Yao, 2019. "Research on Operation and Financing Strategy of an Emission-Dependent Supply Chain under Variable Transportation Fee Strategy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-30, August.
    7. Chao Lu & Weilai Huang & Haifang Cheng, 2021. "Comparative Analysis of Government Subsidy Policies in a Dynamic Green Supply Chain Considering Consumers Preference," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-26, October.
    8. Liu, Lu & Feng, Lipan & Jiang, Tao & Zhang, Qian, 2021. "The impact of supply chain competition on the introduction of clean development mechanisms," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).

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