IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/reveco/v80y2022icp1180-1189.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Forecasting Pakistan stock market volatility: Evidence from economic variables and the uncertainty index

Author

Listed:
  • Ghani, Maria
  • Guo, Qiang
  • Ma, Feng
  • Li, Tao

Abstract

This study examines the impact of the economic policy uncertainty index (EPU) and macroeconomic variables on the volatility of the Pakistan stock market using the GARCH-MIDAS (mixed data sampling) model. The model allows us to observe whether those variables contain valuable information to forecast stock market volatility. Our empirical findings show several outcomes. First, our out-of-sample results show economic policy uncertainty index has predictive power to forecast Pakistan stock market volatility. Second, among all variables, oil prices are the most powerful predictor of volatility with a higher out of sample R square value. Third, all macroeconomic variables including exchange rate, short-term interest rate, money supply M2, foreign direct investment, gold prices, inward remittances, industrial production, and consumer price index (proxy for inflation) contain useful information for stock market volatility forecasting. However, the long-run interest rate is an ineffective indicator of volatility during the sample period study. Finally, we find that the combination forecast information is also useful for volatility forecasting.

Suggested Citation

  • Ghani, Maria & Guo, Qiang & Ma, Feng & Li, Tao, 2022. "Forecasting Pakistan stock market volatility: Evidence from economic variables and the uncertainty index," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1180-1189.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:80:y:2022:i:c:p:1180-1189
    DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2022.04.003
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059056022001241
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.iref.2022.04.003?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Asgharian, Hossein & Christiansen, Charlotte & Hou, Ai Jun, 2015. "Effects of macroeconomic uncertainty on the stock and bond markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 13(C), pages 10-16.
    2. Slah Bahloul & Mourad Mroua & Nader Naifar, 2017. "The impact of macroeconomic and conventional stock market variables on Islamic index returns under regime switching," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 17(1), pages 62-74, March.
    3. Libing Fang & Baizhu Chen & Honghai Yu & Yichuo Qian, 2018. "The importance of global economic policy uncertainty in predicting gold futures market volatility: A GARCH‐MIDAS approach," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(3), pages 413-422, March.
    4. Sin, Chor-yiu (CY), 2015. "The economic fundamental and economic policy uncertainty of Mainland China and their impacts on Taiwan and Hong Kong," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 298-311.
    5. Bhuiyan, Erfan M. & Chowdhury, Murshed, 2020. "Macroeconomic variables and stock market indices: Asymmetric dynamics in the US and Canada," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 62-74.
    6. Jiang, Cuixia & Li, Yuqian & Xu, Qifa & Liu, Yezheng, 2021. "Measuring risk spillovers from multiple developed stock markets to China: A vine-copula-GARCH-MIDAS model," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 386-398.
    7. Alexopoulos, Michelle & Cohen, Jon, 2015. "The power of print: Uncertainty shocks, markets, and the economy," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 8-28.
    8. Robert F. Engle & Eric Ghysels & Bumjean Sohn, 2013. "Stock Market Volatility and Macroeconomic Fundamentals," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 95(3), pages 776-797, July.
    9. Mei, Dexiang & Liu, Jing & Ma, Feng & Chen, Wang, 2017. "Forecasting stock market volatility: Do realized skewness and kurtosis help?," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 481(C), pages 153-159.
    10. Ruipeng Liu & Rangan Gupta, 2022. "Investors’ Uncertainty and Forecasting Stock Market Volatility," Journal of Behavioral Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(3), pages 327-337, July.
    11. Hossein Asgharian & Ai Jun Hou & Farrukh Javed, 2013. "The Importance of the Macroeconomic Variables in Forecasting Stock Return Variance: A GARCH‐MIDAS Approach," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(7), pages 600-612, November.
    12. Dong, Xiyong & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2019. "What global economic factors drive emerging Asian stock market returns? Evidence from a dynamic model averaging approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 204-215.
    13. Liang, Chao & Ma, Feng & Li, Ziyang & Li, Yan, 2020. "Which types of commodity price information are more useful for predicting US stock market volatility?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 642-650.
    14. Liu, Li & Pan, Zhiyuan, 2020. "Forecasting stock market volatility: The role of technical variables," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 55-65.
    15. Peter F. Christoffersen & Francis X. Diebold, 2000. "How Relevant is Volatility Forecasting for Financial Risk Management?," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 82(1), pages 12-22, February.
    16. Arouri, Mohamed & Estay, Christophe & Rault, Christophe & Roubaud, David, 2016. "Economic policy uncertainty and stock markets: Long-run evidence from the US," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 136-141.
    17. Hsu, Chih-Hsiang & Lee, Hsiu-Chuan & Lien, Donald, 2020. "Stock market uncertainty, volatility connectedness of financial institutions, and stock-bond return correlations," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 600-621.
    18. David E. Rapach & Jack K. Strauss & Guofu Zhou, 2010. "Out-of-Sample Equity Premium Prediction: Combination Forecasts and Links to the Real Economy," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(2), pages 821-862, February.
    19. Zhang, Yaojie & Ma, Feng & Liao, Yin, 2020. "Forecasting global equity market volatilities," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1454-1475.
    20. Liu, Li & Zhang, Tao, 2015. "Economic policy uncertainty and stock market volatility," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 15(C), pages 99-105.
    21. Li Liu & Feng Ma & Qing Zeng & Yaojie Zhang, 2020. "Forecasting the aggregate stock market volatility in a data-rich world," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(32), pages 3448-3463, June.
    22. Eva Liljeblom & Marianne Stenius, 1997. "Macroeconomic volatility and stock market volatility: empirical evidence on Finnish data," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(4), pages 419-426.
    23. Chen, Wang & Ma, Feng & Wei, Yu & Liu, Jing, 2020. "Forecasting oil price volatility using high-frequency data: New evidence," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 1-12.
    24. Bilson, Christopher M. & Brailsford, Timothy J. & Hooper, Vincent J., 2001. "Selecting macroeconomic variables as explanatory factors of emerging stock market returns," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 401-426, August.
    25. Chun, Dohyun & Cho, Hoon & Ryu, Doojin, 2020. "Economic indicators and stock market volatility in an emerging economy," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 44(2).
    26. Robert F. Engle & Jose Gonzalo Rangel, 2008. "The Spline-GARCH Model for Low-Frequency Volatility and Its Global Macroeconomic Causes," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(3), pages 1187-1222, May.
    27. Naeem, Muhammad & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Mubashra, Sana & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2019. "Modeling volatility of precious metals markets by using regime-switching GARCH models," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    28. Paye, Bradley S., 2012. "‘Déjà vol’: Predictive regressions for aggregate stock market volatility using macroeconomic variables," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(3), pages 527-546.
    29. Lu, Xinjie & Ma, Feng & Wang, Jiqian & Zhu, Bo, 2021. "Oil shocks and stock market volatility: New evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    30. Pan, Zhiyuan & Wang, Yudong & Wu, Chongfeng & Yin, Libo, 2017. "Oil price volatility and macroeconomic fundamentals: A regime switching GARCH-MIDAS model," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 130-142.
    31. Ma, Feng & Wahab, M.I.M. & Huang, Dengshi & Xu, Weiju, 2017. "Forecasting the realized volatility of the oil futures market: A regime switching approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 136-145.
    32. Balcilar, Mehmet & Gungor, Hasan & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2015. "The time-varying causality between spot and futures crude oil prices: A regime switching approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 51-71.
    33. Morales, Lucía & Andreosso-O'Callaghan, Bernadette, 2011. "Comparative analysis on the effects of the Asian and global financial crises on precious metal markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 203-227, June.
    34. Christian Conrad & Onno Kleen, 2020. "Two are better than one: Volatility forecasting using multiplicative component GARCH‐MIDAS models," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(1), pages 19-45, January.
    35. Arouri, Mohamed & Estay, Christophe & Rault, Christophe & Roubaud, David, 2016. "Economic policy uncertainty and stock markets: Long-run evidence from the US," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 136-141.
    36. Mohammad Enamul Hoque & Mohd Azlan Shah Zaidi, 2019. "The impacts of global economic policy uncertainty on stock market returns in regime switching environment: Evidence from sectoral perspectives," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(2), pages 991-1016, April.
    37. Mele, Antonio, 2007. "Asymmetric stock market volatility and the cyclical behavior of expected returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(2), pages 446-478, November.
    38. Feng Ma & Chao Liang & Qing Zeng & Haibo Li, 2021. "Jumps and oil futures volatility forecasting: a new insight," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(5), pages 853-863, May.
    39. Fang, Tong & Lee, Tae-Hwy & Su, Zhi, 2020. "Predicting the long-term stock market volatility: A GARCH-MIDAS model with variable selection," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 36-49.
    40. Chao Liang & Yu Wei & Xiafei Li & Xuhui Zhang & Yifeng Zhang, 2020. "Uncertainty and crude oil market volatility: new evidence," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(27), pages 2945-2959, May.
    41. Karnizova, Lilia & Li, Jiaxiong (Chris), 2014. "Economic policy uncertainty, financial markets and probability of US recessions," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 125(2), pages 261-265.
    42. Mo, Di & Gupta, Rakesh & Li, Bin & Singh, Tarlok, 2018. "The macroeconomic determinants of commodity futures volatility: Evidence from Chinese and Indian markets," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 543-560.
    43. Ma, Feng & Zhang, Yaojie & Huang, Dengshi & Lai, Xiaodong, 2018. "Forecasting oil futures price volatility: New evidence from realized range-based volatility," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 400-409.
    44. Ahmed Shafique Joyo & Lin Lefen, 2019. "Stock Market Integration of Pakistan with Its Trading Partners: A Multivariate DCC-GARCH Model Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-23, January.
    45. Richard Kofi Asravor & Prince Dieu‐Donne Fonu, 2021. "Dynamic relation between macroeconomic variable, stock market returns and stock market development in Ghana," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(2), pages 2637-2646, April.
    46. Li, Tao & Ma, Feng & Zhang, Xuehua & Zhang, Yaojie, 2020. "Economic policy uncertainty and the Chinese stock market volatility: Novel evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 24-33.
    47. Zhang, Yaojie & Ma, Feng & Shi, Benshan & Huang, Dengshi, 2018. "Forecasting the prices of crude oil: An iterated combination approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 472-483.
    48. B., Anand & Paul, Sunil, 2021. "Oil shocks and stock market: Revisiting the dynamics," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    49. Andy Wui Wing Cheng & Iris Wing Han Yip, 2017. "China’s Macroeconomic Fundamentals on Stock Market Volatility: Evidence from Shanghai and Hong Kong," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 20(02), pages 1-57, June.
    50. Wang, Lu & Ma, Feng & Liu, Jing & Yang, Lin, 2020. "Forecasting stock price volatility: New evidence from the GARCH-MIDAS model," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 684-694.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shabeer Khan & Mirzat Ullah & Mohammad Rahim Shahzad & Uzair Abdullah Khan & Umair Khan & Sayed M. Eldin & Abeer M. Alotaibi, 2022. "Spillover Connectedness among Global Uncertainties and Sectorial Indices of Pakistan: Evidence from Quantile Connectedness Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-16, November.
    2. Chen, Juan & Ma, Feng & Qiu, Xuemei & Li, Tao, 2023. "The role of categorical EPU indices in predicting stock-market returns," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 365-378.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lv, Wendai & Qi, Jipeng & Feng, Jing, 2023. "Economic policy uncertainty and environmental governance company volatility: Evidence from China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    2. Li, Tao & Ma, Feng & Zhang, Xuehua & Zhang, Yaojie, 2020. "Economic policy uncertainty and the Chinese stock market volatility: Novel evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 24-33.
    3. Feng Ma & Xinjie Lu & Lu Wang & Julien Chevallier, 2021. "Global economic policy uncertainty and gold futures market volatility: Evidence from Markov regime‐switching GARCH‐MIDAS models," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(6), pages 1070-1085, September.
    4. Afees A. Salisu & Rangan Gupta & Elie Bouri & Qiang Ji, 2022. "Mixed‐frequency forecasting of crude oil volatility based on the information content of global economic conditions," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(1), pages 134-157, January.
    5. Lu, Xinjie & Ma, Feng & Xu, Jin & Zhang, Zehui, 2022. "Oil futures volatility predictability: New evidence based on machine learning models11All the authors contribute to the paper equally," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    6. Liu, Guangqiang & Guo, Xiaozhu, 2022. "Forecasting stock market volatility using commodity futures volatility information," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    7. Guo, Yangli & Ma, Feng & Li, Haibo & Lai, Xiaodong, 2022. "Oil price volatility predictability based on global economic conditions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    8. Chao Liang & Feng Ma & Lu Wang & Qing Zeng, 2021. "The information content of uncertainty indices for natural gas futures volatility forecasting," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(7), pages 1310-1324, November.
    9. Liang, Chao & Umar, Muhammad & Ma, Feng & Huynh, Toan L.D., 2022. "Climate policy uncertainty and world renewable energy index volatility forecasting," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    10. Xiafei Li & Yu Wei & Xiaodan Chen & Feng Ma & Chao Liang & Wang Chen, 2022. "Which uncertainty is powerful to forecast crude oil market volatility? New evidence," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(4), pages 4279-4297, October.
    11. Ma, Feng & Guo, Yangli & Chevallier, Julien & Huang, Dengshi, 2022. "Macroeconomic attention, economic policy uncertainty, and stock volatility predictability," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    12. Guo, Yangli & He, Feng & Liang, Chao & Ma, Feng, 2022. "Oil price volatility predictability: New evidence from a scaled PCA approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    13. Guo, Xiaozhu & Huang, Yisu & Liang, Chao & Umar, Muhammad, 2022. "Forecasting volatility of EUA futures: New evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    14. Lang, Qiaoqi & Lu, Xinjie & Ma, Feng & Huang, Dengshi, 2022. "Oil futures volatility predictability: Evidence based on Twitter-based uncertainty," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
    15. Wang, Lu & Wu, Jiangbin & Cao, Yang & Hong, Yanran, 2022. "Forecasting renewable energy stock volatility using short and long-term Markov switching GARCH-MIDAS models: Either, neither or both?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    16. Chen, Zhonglu & Liang, Chao & Umar, Muhammad, 2021. "Is investor sentiment stronger than VIX and uncertainty indices in predicting energy volatility?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    17. Lyu, Zhichong & Ma, Feng & Zhang, Jixiang, 2023. "Oil futures volatility prediction: Bagging or combination?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 457-467.
    18. Ghani, Usman & Zhu, Bo & Ghani, Maria & Khan, Nasir & khan, Raja Danish Akbar, 2023. "Role of oil shocks in US stock market volatility: A new insight from GARCH-MIDAS perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    19. Chao Liang & Yaojie Zhang & Xiafei Li & Feng Ma, 2022. "Which predictor is more predictive for Bitcoin volatility? And why?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(2), pages 1947-1961, April.
    20. Liu, Zhenhua & Zhang, Huiying & Ding, Zhihua & Lv, Tao & Wang, Xu & Wang, Deqing, 2022. "When are the effects of economic policy uncertainty on oil–stock correlations larger? Evidence from a regime-switching analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:80:y:2022:i:c:p:1180-1189. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620165 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.