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Real-time strategies to optimize the fueling of the fuel cell hybrid power source: A review of issues, challenges and a new approach

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  • Bizon, Nicu
  • Thounthong, Phatiphat

Abstract

Besides a brief review of the issues and the challenges related to the real-time optimization (RTO) strategies for the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources (FCHPS), a new RTO strategy is proposed and analyzed here to find the optimal values of both fueling flow rates for the FCHPS under a dynamic load cycle. The optimization strategy to search and track the optimal value is based on the Global Extremum Seeking (GES) algorithm. In comparison with the Static Feed-Forward (sFF) RTO strategy, where both fueling rates are controlled by the FC current, the GES-RTO strategy adjusts the FC current with values given by two GES control schemes. Thus, the fueling regulators are controlled by two reference currents which are a bit different to FC current. The performance obtained with the GES-RTO strategy proposed herein is shown in comparison with the sFF-RTO strategy for constant load, but also for dynamic load profile. In last case both strategies will use a Load-Following (LF) control for the boost converter that interfaces the FC system with the DC bus. The performance will be estimated considering the following indicators: the generated FC net power, the fuel consumption efficiency, the FC system efficiency, and the total fuel consumption during a load cycle. The fuel economy for 6 kW FC system during a nominal load cycle of 60 s could be up to 40 l if the GES-RTO strategy is used instead of the sFF-RTO strategy.

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  • Bizon, Nicu & Thounthong, Phatiphat, 2018. "Real-time strategies to optimize the fueling of the fuel cell hybrid power source: A review of issues, challenges and a new approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 1089-1102.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:91:y:2018:i:c:p:1089-1102
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.045
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    1. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Real-time optimization strategies of Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems based on Load-following control: A new strategy, and a comparative study of topologies and fuel economy obtained," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 444-460.
    2. Tang, Xiaolin & Zhou, Haitao & Wang, Feng & Wang, Weida & Lin, Xianke, 2022. "Longevity-conscious energy management strategy of fuel cell hybrid electric Vehicle Based on deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    3. Nicu Bizon & Mihai Oproescu, 2018. "Experimental Comparison of Three Real-Time Optimization Strategies Applied to Renewable/FC-Based Hybrid Power Systems Based on Load-Following Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-32, December.
    4. Bizon, Nicu, 2018. "Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 459-473.
    5. Wilberforce, Tabbi & Ijaodola, O. & Ogungbemi, Emmanuel & Khatib, F.N. & Leslie, T. & El-Hassan, Zaki & Thomposon, J. & Olabi, A.G., 2019. "Technical evaluation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell performance – A review of the effects of bipolar plates coating," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    6. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Efficient fuel economy strategies for the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems under variable renewable/load power profile," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    7. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Fuel saving strategy using real-time switching of the fueling regulators in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    8. Mihai Rata & Gabriela Rata & Constantin Filote & Maria Simona Raboaca & Adrian Graur & Ciprian Afanasov & Andreea-Raluca Felseghi, 2019. "The ElectricalVehicle Simulator for Charging Station in Mode 3 of IEC 61851-1 Standard," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-10, December.
    9. Ioan-Sorin Sorlei & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong & Mihai Varlam & Elena Carcadea & Mihai Culcer & Mariana Iliescu & Mircea Raceanu, 2021. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-29, January.
    10. Deepak Kumar Gupta & Amitkumar V. Jha & Bhargav Appasani & Avireni Srinivasulu & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, March.
    11. Ou, Kai & Yuan, Wei-Wei & Kim, Young-Bae, 2021. "Development of optimal energy management for a residential fuel cell hybrid power system with heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    12. Tanzim Meraj, Sheikh & Zaihar Yahaya, Nor & Hasan, Kamrul & Hossain Lipu, M.S. & Madurai Elavarasan, Rajvikram & Hussain, Aini & Hannan, M.A. & Muttaqi, Kashem M., 2022. "A filter less improved control scheme for active/reactive energy management in fuel cell integrated grid system with harmonic reduction ability," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    13. Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "A Simple and Safe Strategy for Improving the Fuel Economy of a Fuel Cell Vehicle," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-29, March.
    14. Nicu Bizon & Valentin Alexandru Stan & Angel Ciprian Cormos, 2019. "Optimization of the Fuel Cell Renewable Hybrid Power System Using the Control Mode of the Required Load Power on the DC Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.

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