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Climate change coping and adaptation strategies: How do cocoa farmers in Ghana diversify farm income?

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  • Amfo, Bismark
  • Ali, Ernest Baba

Abstract

Climate change poses a serious threat to many farmers' yield and income. Previous studies often applied a general approach to examine climate change mitigation strategies implemented by farmers. Our study focuses on income diversification of cocoa farmers in Ghana as a strategy to cope with climate change. We compiled data from 400 cocoa farmers, and applied a Heckman two-step regression to investigate the probability and extent of cocoa farm income diversification. Further, we used beta regression to determine the share of annual farm income generated by diversification. Most cocoa farmers in our study region diversify farm income as a strategy to reduce climate change impacts. These strategies comprise crop and livestock diversification, intercropping of cocoa farms, provision of labour for other farmers, and agricultural-related economic off-farm activities. Factors that influence income diversification include the age of the farm, access to credits, extension contacts, the information sources on climate change, and government support. The study provides recommendations for policy- and decision-makers to enhance diversification strategies in the country's cocoa sector. These include the provision of financial credits, farm input subsidies, and farmers' training on farm management.

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  • Amfo, Bismark & Ali, Ernest Baba, 2020. "Climate change coping and adaptation strategies: How do cocoa farmers in Ghana diversify farm income?," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:forpol:v:119:y:2020:i:c:s1389934120302112
    DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102265
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    2. Ernest Baba Ali & Ephraim Bonah Agyekum & Parise Adadi, 2021. "Agriculture for Sustainable Development: A SWOT-AHP Assessment of Ghana’s Planting for Food and Jobs Initiative," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-24, January.
    3. Ruishi Si & Xueqian Zhang & Yumeng Yao & Qian Lu, 2022. "Risk Preference, Health Risk Perception, and Environmental Exposure Nexus: Evidence from Rural Women as Pig Breeders, China," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 162(1), pages 151-178, July.
    4. Richard Kwasi Bannor & Helena Oppong-Kyeremeh & Bismark Amfo & Lesley Hope & Samuel Kwabena Chaa Kyire, 2022. "The Nexus Between Cocoa Farmers’ Business Schools Participation and Impact to Support Livelihood Improvement Strategies in Ghana," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(2), pages 21582440221, June.
    5. Ruishi Si & Yumeng Yao & Xueqian Zhang & Qian Lu & Noshaba Aziz, 2022. "Exploring the Role of Contiguous Farmland Cultivation and Adoption of No-Tillage Technology in Improving Transferees’ Income Structure: Evidence from China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-25, April.
    6. Hongyu Wang & Xiaolei Wang & Apurbo Sarkar & Fuhong Zhang, 2021. "How Capital Endowment and Ecological Cognition Affect Environment-Friendly Technology Adoption: A Case of Apple Farmers of Shandong Province, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    7. Islam, Masanori Matsuura Yir-Huieh Luh Abu Hayat Md. Saiful, 2021. "Climate Variability, Livelihood Diversification, and Household Food Security in Bangladesh," 2021 ASAE 10th International Conference (Virtual), January 11-13, Beijing, China 329402, Asian Society of Agricultural Economists (ASAE).
    8. Bismark Amfo & Robert Aidoo & James Osei Mensah, 2021. "Food coping strategies among migrant labourers on cocoa farms in southern Ghana," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 13(4), pages 875-894, August.
    9. Ruoyan Zhang & Ru Chen, 2023. "The regulatory effect of cooperation degree in increasing tobacco farmers’ income by mitigating production risk shocks," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(4), pages 1323-1344, December.
    10. Amfo, Bismark & Ali, Ernest Baba & Atinga, David, 2021. "Climate change, soil water conservation, and productivity: Evidence from cocoa farmers in Ghana," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).

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