IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v87y2015icp504-519.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The importance of grid integration for achievable greenhouse gas emissions reductions from alternative vehicle technologies

Author

Listed:
  • Tarroja, Brian
  • Shaffer, Brendan
  • Samuelsen, Scott

Abstract

Alternative vehicles must appropriately interface with the electric grid and renewable generation to contribute to decarbonization. This study investigates the impact of infrastructure configurations and management strategies on the vehicle–grid interface and vehicle greenhouse gas reduction potential with regard to California's Executive Order S-21-09 goal. Considered are battery electric vehicles, gasoline-fueled plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen-fueled fuel cell vehicles, and plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles. Temporally resolved models of the electric grid, electric vehicle charging, hydrogen infrastructure, and vehicle powertrain simulations are integrated. For plug-in vehicles, consumer travel patterns can limit the greenhouse gas reductions without smart charging or energy storage. For fuel cell vehicles, the fuel production mix must be optimized for minimal greenhouse gas emissions. The plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicle has the largest potential for emissions reduction due to smaller battery and fuel cells keeping efficiencies higher and meeting 86% of miles on electric travel keeping the hydrogen demand low. Energy storage is required to meet Executive Order S-21-09 goals in all cases. Meeting the goal requires renewable capacities of 205 GW for plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles and battery electric vehicle 100s, 255 GW for battery electric vehicle 200s, and 325 GW for fuel cell vehicles.

Suggested Citation

  • Tarroja, Brian & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2015. "The importance of grid integration for achievable greenhouse gas emissions reductions from alternative vehicle technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 504-519.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:87:y:2015:i:c:p:504-519
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.012
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544215005460
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.012?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liu, Wen & Lund, Henrik & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2011. "Large-scale integration of wind power into the existing Chinese energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 4753-4760.
    2. Finn, P. & Fitzpatrick, C. & Connolly, D., 2012. "Demand side management of electric car charging: Benefits for consumer and grid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 358-363.
    3. Weiller, C. & Neely, A., 2014. "Using electric vehicles for energy services: Industry perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 194-200.
    4. Eichman, Joshua D. & Mueller, Fabian & Tarroja, Brian & Schell, Lori Smith & Samuelsen, Scott, 2013. "Exploration of the integration of renewable resources into California's electric system using the Holistic Grid Resource Integration and Deployment (HiGRID) tool," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 353-363.
    5. Goebel, Christoph, 2013. "On the business value of ICT-controlled plug-in electric vehicle charging in California," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1-10.
    6. Ma, Hongrui & Balthasar, Felix & Tait, Nigel & Riera-Palou, Xavier & Harrison, Andrew, 2012. "A new comparison between the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 160-173.
    7. Wang, Jianhui & Liu, Cong & Ton, Dan & Zhou, Yan & Kim, Jinho & Vyas, Anantray, 2011. "Impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on power systems with demand response and wind power," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(7), pages 4016-4021, July.
    8. Schmidt, Johannes & Eisel, Matthias & Kolbe, Lutz M., 2014. "Assessing the potential of different charging strategies for electric vehicle fleets in closed transport systems," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 179-189.
    9. Beccali, M. & Brunone, S. & Finocchiaro, P. & Galletto, J.M., 2013. "Method for size optimisation of large wind–hydrogen systems with high penetration on power grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 534-544.
    10. Speidel, Stuart & Bräunl, Thomas, 2014. "Driving and charging patterns of electric vehicles for energy usage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 97-110.
    11. Hedegaard, Karsten & Ravn, Hans & Juul, Nina & Meibom, Peter, 2012. "Effects of electric vehicles on power systems in Northern Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 356-368.
    12. Chatzivasileiadi, Aikaterini & Ampatzi, Eleni & Knight, Ian, 2013. "Characteristics of electrical energy storage technologies and their applications in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 814-830.
    13. Soares M.C. Borba, Bruno & Szklo, Alexandre & Schaeffer, Roberto, 2012. "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as a way to maximize the integration of variable renewable energy in power systems: The case of wind generation in northeastern Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 469-481.
    14. Zhou, Guanghui & Ou, Xunmin & Zhang, Xiliang, 2013. "Development of electric vehicles use in China: A study from the perspective of life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 875-884.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hao, Han & Liu, Zongwei & Zhao, Fuquan & Li, Weiqi & Hang, Wen, 2015. "Scenario analysis of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from China's passenger vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 151-159.
    2. Du, Yongchang & Zhao, Yue & Wang, Qinpu & Zhang, Yuanbo & Xia, Huaicheng, 2016. "Trip-oriented stochastic optimal energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 1259-1271.
    3. Md Tahmid Hussain & Adil Sarwar & Mohd Tariq & Shabana Urooj & Amal BaQais & Md. Alamgir Hossain, 2023. "An Evaluation of ANN Algorithm Performance for MPPT Energy Harvesting in Solar PV Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-36, July.
    4. Liyan Feng & Jun Zhai & Lei Chen & Wuqiang Long & Jiangping Tian & Bin Tang, 2017. "Increasing the application of gas engines to decrease China’s GHG emissions," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 22(6), pages 839-861, August.
    5. Shaukat, N. & Khan, B. & Ali, S.M. & Mehmood, C.A. & Khan, J. & Farid, U. & Majid, M. & Anwar, S.M. & Jawad, M. & Ullah, Z., 2018. "A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1329-1349.
    6. Colbertaldo, Paolo & Guandalini, Giulio & Campanari, Stefano, 2018. "Modelling the integrated power and transport energy system: The role of power-to-gas and hydrogen in long-term scenarios for Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 592-601.
    7. Zhu, Xianwen & Xia, Mingchao & Chiang, Hsiao-Dong, 2018. "Coordinated sectional droop charging control for EV aggregator enhancing frequency stability of microgrid with high penetration of renewable energy sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 936-943.
    8. Tarroja, Brian & AghaKouchak, Amir & Samuelsen, Scott, 2016. "Quantifying climate change impacts on hydropower generation and implications on electric grid greenhouse gas emissions and operation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 295-305.
    9. Forrest, Kate & Mac Kinnon, Michael & Tarroja, Brian & Samuelsen, Scott, 2020. "Estimating the technical feasibility of fuel cell and battery electric vehicles for the medium and heavy duty sectors in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    10. Tarroja, Brian & Chiang, Felicia & AghaKouchak, Amir & Samuelsen, Scott & Raghavan, Shuba V. & Wei, Max & Sun, Kaiyu & Hong, Tianzhen, 2018. "Translating climate change and heating system electrification impacts on building energy use to future greenhouse gas emissions and electric grid capacity requirements in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 522-534.
    11. Tarroja, Brian & Forrest, Kate & Chiang, Felicia & AghaKouchak, Amir & Samuelsen, Scott, 2019. "Implications of hydropower variability from climate change for a future, highly-renewable electric grid in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 353-366.
    12. Tarroja, Brian & Hittinger, Eric, 2021. "The value of consumer acceptance of controlled electric vehicle charging in a decarbonizing grid: The case of California," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    13. Teixeira, Ana Carolina Rodrigues & Sodré, José Ricardo, 2016. "Simulation of the impacts on carbon dioxide emissions from replacement of a conventional Brazilian taxi fleet by electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P3), pages 1617-1622.
    14. Pavić, Ivan & Capuder, Tomislav & Kuzle, Igor, 2016. "Low carbon technologies as providers of operational flexibility in future power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 724-738.
    15. Knüpfer, Kristina & Mäll, Martin & Esteban, Miguel & Shibayama, Tomoya, 2021. "Review of mixed-technology vehicle fleet evolution and representation in modelling studies: Policy contexts of Germany and Japan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    16. Tarroja, Brian & Shaffer, Brendan P. & Samuelsen, Scott, 2018. "Resource portfolio design considerations for materially-efficient planning of 100% renewable electricity systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 460-471.
    17. Wang, Sarah & Tarroja, Brian & Schell, Lori Smith & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2019. "Prioritizing among the end uses of excess renewable energy for cost-effective greenhouse gas emission reductions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 284-298.
    18. Iacobucci, Riccardo & McLellan, Benjamin & Tezuka, Tetsuo, 2018. "Modeling shared autonomous electric vehicles: Potential for transport and power grid integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 148-163.
    19. Shuxia Yang & Di Zhang & Dongyan Li, 2019. "A Calculation Model for CO 2 Emission Reduction of Energy Internet: A Case Study of Yanqing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-21, April.
    20. Lane, Blake & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2020. "A comparison of alternative vehicle fueling infrastructure scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    21. Liu, Hanwu & Lei, Yulong & Fu, Yao & Li, Xingzhong, 2022. "A novel hybrid-point-line energy management strategy based on multi-objective optimization for range-extended electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Koltsaklis, Nikolaos E. & Dagoumas, Athanasios S., 2018. "State-of-the-art generation expansion planning: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 563-589.
    2. Zhao, Yang & Noori, Mehdi & Tatari, Omer, 2017. "Boosting the adoption and the reliability of renewable energy sources: Mitigating the large-scale wind power intermittency through vehicle to grid technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 608-618.
    3. Fathabadi, Hassan, 2015. "Utilization of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources used as distributed generators for improving characteristics of electric power distribution systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 1100-1110.
    4. Zhang, Xingping & Liang, Yanni & Liu, Wenfeng, 2017. "Pricing model for the charging of electric vehicles based on system dynamics in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 218-234.
    5. Richardson, David B., 2013. "Electric vehicles and the electric grid: A review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 247-254.
    6. Amirioun, Mohammad Hassan & Kazemi, Ahad, 2014. "A new model based on optimal scheduling of combined energy exchange modes for aggregation of electric vehicles in a residential complex," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 186-198.
    7. Božič, Dušan & Pantoš, Miloš, 2015. "Impact of electric-drive vehicles on power system reliability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 511-520.
    8. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    9. Zhang, Qi & Mclellan, Benjamin C. & Tezuka, Tetsuo & Ishihara, Keiichi N., 2013. "A methodology for economic and environmental analysis of electric vehicles with different operational conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 118-127.
    10. Alagoz, B. Baykant & Kaygusuz, Asim & Akcin, Murat & Alagoz, Serkan, 2013. "A closed-loop energy price controlling method for real-time energy balancing in a smart grid energy market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 95-104.
    11. Bellekom, Sandra & Benders, René & Pelgröm, Steef & Moll, Henk, 2012. "Electric cars and wind energy: Two problems, one solution? A study to combine wind energy and electric cars in 2020 in The Netherlands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 859-866.
    12. Liu, Dunnan & Xiao, Bowen, 2018. "Exploring the development of electric vehicles under policy incentives: A scenario-based system dynamics model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 8-23.
    13. Liu, Zhijian & Liu, Yuanwei & He, Bao-Jie & Xu, Wei & Jin, Guangya & Zhang, Xutao, 2019. "Application and suitability analysis of the key technologies in nearly zero energy buildings in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 329-345.
    14. Manjunath, Archana & Gross, George, 2017. "Towards a meaningful metric for the quantification of GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 423-429.
    15. Hota, Ashish Ranjan & Juvvanapudi, Mahesh & Bajpai, Prabodh, 2014. "Issues and solution approaches in PHEV integration to smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 217-229.
    16. Khardenavis, Amaiya & Hewage, Kasun & Perera, Piyaruwan & Shotorbani, Amin Mohammadpour & Sadiq, Rehan, 2021. "Mobile energy hub planning for complex urban networks: A robust optimization approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    17. Shaukat, N. & Khan, B. & Ali, S.M. & Mehmood, C.A. & Khan, J. & Farid, U. & Majid, M. & Anwar, S.M. & Jawad, M. & Ullah, Z., 2018. "A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1329-1349.
    18. Smail, Houria & Alkama, Rezak & Medjdoub, Abdellah, 2018. "Optimal design of the electric connection of a wind farm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 972-983.
    19. Kain Glensor & María Rosa Muñoz B., 2019. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Brazilian Transport Biofuel and Electrification Pathways," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-31, November.
    20. Kwon, Pil Seok & Østergaard, Poul, 2014. "Assessment and evaluation of flexible demand in a Danish future energy scenario," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 309-320.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:87:y:2015:i:c:p:504-519. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.