IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v192y2020ics0360544219323977.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Techno-economic performance study of stand-alone wind/diesel/battery hybrid system with different battery technologies in the cold region of China

Author

Listed:
  • Li, Chong
  • Zhou, Dequn
  • Wang, Hui
  • Lu, Yuzheng
  • Li, Dongdong

Abstract

This paper analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of a hybrid wind/diesel/battery power system with different types of batteries for a small residential area encompassing 280 homes located in the suburbs of Lanzhou, Gansu province in China. The optimal allocation, economic, emissions, electricity output, and sensitivity analyses of the relevant hybrid systems are all analyzed by HOMER Pro software. Results indicate that the optimal hybrid energy system is the diesel generator (DG)/Zinc–Bromine (ZB) system, which contains a 1460 kW DG, 500 ZB flow batteries, and a 400 kW converter. This configuration corresponds to an initial capital of $1,170,200, an operating cost of $507,866/yr, a total net present cost (NPC) of $ 7,735,646, and a levelized cost of energy (COE) of $0.471/kWh. The DG/ZB system provides the lowest NPC and COE compared to a DG system, while the wind/lead-acid (LA) system has the highest NPC and COE owing to the high wind turbine costs. Furthermore, it is found that the DG/lithium-ion (LI) is the most environment friendly system compared to DG/ZB and DG/LA systems. It is also found that selecting the suitable wind turbine can improve the comprehensive performance of the hybrid power system in terms of technology, economy, and environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Chong & Zhou, Dequn & Wang, Hui & Lu, Yuzheng & Li, Dongdong, 2020. "Techno-economic performance study of stand-alone wind/diesel/battery hybrid system with different battery technologies in the cold region of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:192:y:2020:i:c:s0360544219323977
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116702
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544219323977
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116702?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Muh, Erasmus & Tabet, Fouzi, 2019. "Comparative analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid applications in Southern Cameroons," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 41-54.
    2. He, Li & Zhang, Shiyue & Chen, Yizhong & Ren, Lixia & Li, Jing, 2018. "Techno-economic potential of a renewable energy-based microgrid system for a sustainable large-scale residential community in Beijing, China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 631-641.
    3. saheb Koussa, Djohra & Koussa, Mustapha, 2016. "GHGs (greenhouse gases) emission and economic analysis of a GCRES (grid-connected renewable energy system) in the arid region, Algeria," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 216-230.
    4. Teetz, H.W. & Harms, T.M. & von Backström, T.W., 2003. "Assessment of the wind power potential at SANAE IV base, Antarctica: a technical and economic feasibility study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(13), pages 2037-2061.
    5. Guoliang Luo & Erli Dan & Xiaochun Zhang & Yiwei Guo, 2018. "Why the Wind Curtailment of Northwest China Remains High," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-26, February.
    6. Herrero-Novoa, Cristina & Pérez, Isidro A. & Sánchez, M. Luisa & García, Ma Ángeles & Pardo, Nuria & Fernández-Duque, Beatriz, 2017. "Wind speed description and power density in northern Spain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 967-976.
    7. Moghaddam, Amjad Anvari & Seifi, Alireza & Niknam, Taher & Alizadeh Pahlavani, Mohammad Reza, 2011. "Multi-objective operation management of a renewable MG (micro-grid) with back-up micro-turbine/fuel cell/battery hybrid power source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 6490-6507.
    8. Aziz, Ali Saleh & Tajuddin, Mohammad Faridun Naim & Adzman, Mohd Rafi & Azmi, Azralmukmin & Ramli, Makbul A.M., 2019. "Optimization and sensitivity analysis of standalone hybrid energy systems for rural electrification: A case study of Iraq," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 775-792.
    9. Hussein A. Kazem & Hamood A. S. Al-Badi & Ahmed S. Al Busaidi & Miqdam T. Chaichan, 2017. "Optimum design and evaluation of hybrid solar/wind/diesel power system for Masirah Island," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 19(5), pages 1761-1778, October.
    10. Salehin, Sayedus & Ferdaous, M. Tanvirul & Chowdhury, Ridhwan M. & Shithi, Sumaia Shahid & Rofi, M.S.R. Bhuiyan & Mohammed, Mahir Asif, 2016. "Assessment of renewable energy systems combining techno-economic optimization with energy scenario analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 729-741.
    11. Khan, Mohammad Junaid & Yadav, Amit Kumar & Mathew, Lini, 2017. "Techno economic feasibility analysis of different combinations of PV-Wind-Diesel-Battery hybrid system for telecommunication applications in different cities of Punjab, India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 577-607.
    12. Li, Yi & Wu, Xiao-Peng & Li, Qiu-Sheng & Tee, Kong Fah, 2018. "Assessment of onshore wind energy potential under different geographical climate conditions in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 498-511.
    13. Gabra, Samuel & Miles, John & Scott, Stuart A., 2019. "Techno-economic analysis of stand-alone wind micro-grids, compared with PV and diesel in Africa," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1928-1938.
    14. Olatomiwa, Lanre & Mekhilef, Saad & Huda, A.S.N. & Ohunakin, Olayinka S., 2015. "Economic evaluation of hybrid energy systems for rural electrification in six geo-political zones of Nigeria," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 435-446.
    15. Li, Chong & Liu, Youying & Li, Gang & Li, Jianyan & Zhu, Dasheng & Jia, Wenhua & Li, Guo & Zhi, Youran & Zhai, Xinyu, 2016. "Evaluation of wind energy resource and wind turbine characteristics at two locations in China," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 121-128.
    16. Jahangiri, Mehdi & Haghani, Ahmad & Mostafaeipour, Ali & Khosravi, Adel & Raeisi, Heidar Ali, 2019. "Assessment of solar-wind power plants in Afghanistan: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 169-190.
    17. Jiang, Yingni, 2010. "Generation of typical meteorological year for different climates of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 1946-1953.
    18. Luta, Doudou N. & Raji, Atanda K., 2019. "Optimal sizing of hybrid fuel cell-supercapacitor storage system for off-grid renewable applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 530-540.
    19. Li, Chong & Zhou, Dequn & Zheng, Yuan, 2018. "Techno-economic comparative study of grid-connected PV power systems in five climate zones, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 1352-1369.
    20. Lozano, Lorafe & Querikiol, Edward M. & Abundo, Michael Lochinvar S. & Bellotindos, Luzvisminda M., 2019. "Techno-economic analysis of a cost-effective power generation system for off-grid island communities: A case study of Gilutongan Island, Cordova, Cebu, Philippines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 905-911.
    21. Hessami, Mir-Akbar & Campbell, Hugh & Sanguinetti, Christopher, 2011. "A feasibility study of hybrid wind power systems for remote communities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 877-886, February.
    22. Das, Barun K. & Al-Abdeli, Yasir M. & Woolridge, Matthew, 2019. "Effects of battery technology and load scalability on stand-alone PV/ICE hybrid micro-grid system performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 57-69.
    23. Zhang, Yuning & Tang, Ningning & Niu, Yuguang & Du, Xiaoze, 2016. "Wind energy rejection in China: Current status, reasons and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 322-344.
    24. Das, Barun K. & Zaman, Forhad, 2019. "Performance analysis of a PV/Diesel hybrid system for a remote area in Bangladesh: Effects of dispatch strategies, batteries, and generator selection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 263-276.
    25. Haghighat Mamaghani, Alireza & Avella Escandon, Sebastian Alberto & Najafi, Behzad & Shirazi, Ali & Rinaldi, Fabio, 2016. "Techno-economic feasibility of photovoltaic, wind, diesel and hybrid electrification systems for off-grid rural electrification in Colombia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 293-305.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Misbah Sattar & Fawad Azeem & Zulfiqar Memon & Hasan Zidan & Sobia Baig, 2022. "Feasibility Assessment of Rural Hybrid Microgrid Using Canal-Based Microhydel Resources: A Case Study of Renala Khurd Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Kumar, Pankaj & Pal, Nitai & Sharma, Himanshu, 2022. "Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a solar photo-voltaic/biomass/diesel/battery hybrid off-grid power generation system for rural remote electrification in eastern India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    3. Li, Rong & Guo, Su & Yang, Yong & Liu, Deyou, 2020. "Optimal sizing of wind/ concentrated solar plant/ electric heater hybrid renewable energy system based on two-stage stochastic programming," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    4. Hassan, Masood Ul & Saha, Sajeeb & Haque, Md Enamul, 2021. "PVAnalytX: A MATLAB toolkit for techno-economic analysis and performance evaluation of rooftop PV systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    5. Yirga Belay Muna & Cheng-Chien Kuo, 2022. "Feasibility and Techno-Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging of PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy System with Different Battery Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-20, June.
    6. Das, Sayan & Ray, Avishek & De, Sudipta, 2020. "Optimum combination of renewable resources to meet local power demand in distributed generation: A case study for a remote place of India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    7. Shilpa Sambhi & Himanshu Sharma & Vikas Bhadoria & Pankaj Kumar & Ravi Chaurasia & Georgios Fotis & Vasiliki Vita, 2023. "Technical and Economic Analysis of Solar PV/Diesel Generator Smart Hybrid Power Plant Using Different Battery Storage Technologies for SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-23, February.
    8. Ali, Fahad & Ahmar, Muhammad & Jiang, Yuexiang & AlAhmad, Mohammad, 2021. "A techno-economic assessment of hybrid energy systems in rural Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PA).
    9. Polamarasetty P Kumar & Ramakrishna S. S. Nuvvula & Md. Alamgir Hossain & SK. A. Shezan & Vishnu Suresh & Michal Jasinski & Radomir Gono & Zbigniew Leonowicz, 2022. "Optimal Operation of an Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Demand-Side Management in a Rural Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-50, July.
    10. Kong, Xue & Wang, Hongye & Li, Nan & Mu, Hailin, 2022. "Multi-objective optimal allocation and performance evaluation for energy storage in energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    11. Das, Barun K. & Hasan, Mahmudul & Das, Pronob, 2021. "Impact of storage technologies, temporal resolution, and PV tracking on stand-alone hybrid renewable energy for an Australian remote area application," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 362-380.
    12. Polamarasetty P Kumar & Akhlaqur Rahman & Ramakrishna S. S. Nuvvula & Ilhami Colak & S. M. Muyeen & Sk. A. Shezan & G. M. Shafiullah & Md. Fatin Ishraque & Md. Alamgir Hossain & Faisal Alsaif & Rajvik, 2023. "Using Energy Conservation-Based Demand-Side Management to Optimize an Off-Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System Using Different Battery Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-23, June.
    13. Alsagri, Ali Sulaiman & Alrobaian, Abdulrahman A. & Nejlaoui, Mohamed, 2021. "Techno-economic evaluation of an off-grid health clinic considering the current and future energy challenges: A rural case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 34-52.
    14. Das, Barun K. & Tushar, Mohammad Shahed H.K. & Zaman, Forhad, 2021. "Techno-economic feasibility and size optimisation of an off-grid hybrid system for supplying electricity and thermal loads," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PA).
    15. Jann Michael Weinand & Maximilian Hoffmann & Jan Gopfert & Tom Terlouw & Julian Schonau & Patrick Kuckertz & Russell McKenna & Leander Kotzur & Jochen Lin{ss}en & Detlef Stolten, 2022. "Global LCOEs of decentralized off-grid renewable energy systems," Papers 2212.12742, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2023.
    16. Yong Yang & Rong Li, 2020. "Techno-Economic Optimization of an Off-Grid Solar/Wind/Battery Hybrid System with a Novel Multi-Objective Differential Evolution Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, April.
    17. Yong Ma & Shan Ai & Lele Yang & Aiming Zhang & Sen Liu & Binghao Zhou, 2020. "Hydrodynamic Performance of a Pitching Float Wave Energy Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-27, April.
    18. Elena Sosnina & Andrey Dar’enkov & Andrey Kurkin & Ivan Lipuzhin & Andrey Mamonov, 2022. "Review of Efficiency Improvement Technologies of Wind Diesel Hybrid Systems for Decreasing Fuel Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-38, December.
    19. Sadeghi, Delnia & Ahmadi, Seyed Ehsan & Amiri, Nima & Satinder, & Marzband, Mousa & Abusorrah, Abdullah & Rawa, Muhyaddin, 2022. "Designing, optimizing and comparing distributed generation technologies as a substitute system for reducing life cycle costs, CO2 emissions, and power losses in residential buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    20. Mokhtara, Charafeddine & Negrou, Belkhir & Settou, Noureddine & Settou, Belkhir & Samy, Mohamed Mahmoud, 2021. "Design optimization of off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems considering the effects of building energy performance and climate change: Case study of Algeria," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    21. Chen, Qianqian & Gu, Yu & Tang, Zhiyong & Wang, Danfeng & Wu, Qing, 2021. "Optimal design and techno-economic assessment of low-carbon hydrogen supply pathways for a refueling station located in Shanghai," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    22. Nömm, Jakob & Rönnberg, Sarah K. & Bollen, Math H.J., 2021. "Techno-economic analysis with energy flow modeling for investigating the investment risks related to consumption changes within a standalone microgrid in Sweden," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    23. Khanahmadi, Abbas & Ghaffarpour, Reza, 2022. "A cost-effective and emission-Aware hybrid system considering uncertainty: A case study in a remote area," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 977-992.
    24. Viktor Elistratov & Mikhail Konishchev & Roman Denisov & Inna Bogun & Aki Grönman & Teemu Turunen-Saaresti & Afonso Julian Lugo, 2021. "Study of the Intelligent Control and Modes of the Arctic-Adopted Wind–Diesel Hybrid System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-14, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ma, Qian & Huang, Xiang & Wang, Feng & Xu, Chao & Babaei, Reza & Ahmadian, Hossein, 2022. "Optimal sizing and feasibility analysis of grid-isolated renewable hybrid microgrids: Effects of energy management controllers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    2. Pascasio, Jethro Daniel A. & Esparcia, Eugene A. & Castro, Michael T. & Ocon, Joey D., 2021. "Comparative assessment of solar photovoltaic-wind hybrid energy systems: A case for Philippine off-grid islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1589-1607.
    3. Li, Chong & Zhou, Dequn & Wang, Hui & Cheng, Huanbo & Li, Dongdong, 2019. "Feasibility assessment of a hybrid PV/diesel/battery power system for a housing estate in the severe cold zone—A case study of Harbin, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 671-681.
    4. Das, Barun K. & Hasan, Mahmudul, 2021. "Optimal sizing of a stand-alone hybrid system for electric and thermal loads using excess energy and waste heat," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    5. Islam, M.S. & Das, Barun K. & Das, Pronob & Rahaman, Md Habibur, 2021. "Techno-economic optimization of a zero emission energy system for a coastal community in Newfoundland, Canada," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    6. Vaziri Rad, Mohammad Amin & Kasaeian, Alibakhsh & Niu, Xiaofeng & Zhang, Kai & Mahian, Omid, 2023. "Excess electricity problem in off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems: A comprehensive review from challenges to prevalent solutions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 538-560.
    7. Rad, Mohammad Amin Vaziri & Ghasempour, Roghaye & Rahdan, Parisa & Mousavi, Soroush & Arastounia, Mehrdad, 2020. "Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid power system based on the cost-effective hydrogen production method for rural electrification, a case study in Iran," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    8. Alsagri, Ali Sulaiman & Alrobaian, Abdulrahman A. & Nejlaoui, Mohamed, 2021. "Techno-economic evaluation of an off-grid health clinic considering the current and future energy challenges: A rural case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 34-52.
    9. Mohammad Hossein Jahangir & Seyed Ali Mousavi & Ruhollah Asayesh Zarchi, 2021. "Implementing single- and multi-year sensitivity analyses to propose several feasible solutions for meeting the electricity demand in large-scale tourism sectors applying renewable systems," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(10), pages 14494-14527, October.
    10. Cai, Wei & Li, Xing & Maleki, Akbar & Pourfayaz, Fathollah & Rosen, Marc A. & Alhuyi Nazari, Mohammad & Bui, Dieu Tien, 2020. "Optimal sizing and location based on economic parameters for an off-grid application of a hybrid system with photovoltaic, battery and diesel technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    11. Das, Barun K. & Hasan, Mahmudul & Das, Pronob, 2021. "Impact of storage technologies, temporal resolution, and PV tracking on stand-alone hybrid renewable energy for an Australian remote area application," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 362-380.
    12. Rahmat Khezri & Amin Mahmoudi & Hirohisa Aki & S. M. Muyeen, 2021. "Optimal Planning of Remote Area Electricity Supply Systems: Comprehensive Review, Recent Developments and Future Scopes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.
    13. William López-Castrillón & Héctor H. Sepúlveda & Cristian Mattar, 2021. "Off-Grid Hybrid Electrical Generation Systems in Remote Communities: Trends and Characteristics in Sustainability Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-29, May.
    14. Irshad, Ahmad Shah & Ludin, Gul Ahmad & Masrur, Hasan & Ahmadi, Mikaeel & Yona, Atsushi & Mikhaylov, Alexey & Krishnan, Narayanan & Senjyu, Tomonobu, 2023. "Optimization of grid-photovoltaic and battery hybrid system with most technically efficient PV technology after the performance analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 714-730.
    15. Vaziri Rad, Mohammad Amin & Toopshekan, Ashkan & Rahdan, Parisa & Kasaeian, Alibakhsh & Mahian, Omid, 2020. "A comprehensive study of techno-economic and environmental features of different solar tracking systems for residential photovoltaic installations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    16. Kumar, Pankaj & Pal, Nitai & Sharma, Himanshu, 2022. "Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a solar photo-voltaic/biomass/diesel/battery hybrid off-grid power generation system for rural remote electrification in eastern India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    17. Irshad, Ahmad Shah & Samadi, Wais Khan & Fazli, Agha Mohammad & Noori, Abdul Ghani & Amin, Ahmad Shah & Zakir, Mohammad Naseer & Bakhtyal, Irfan Ahmad & Karimi, Bashir Ahmad & Ludin, Gul Ahmad & Senjy, 2023. "Resilience and reliable integration of PV-wind and hydropower based 100% hybrid renewable energy system without any energy storage system for inaccessible area electrification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    18. Aziz, Ali Saleh & Tajuddin, Mohammad Faridun Naim & Hussain, Moaid K. & Adzman, Mohd Rafi & Ghazali, Nur Hafizah & Ramli, Makbul A.M. & Khalil Zidane, Tekai Eddine, 2022. "A new optimization strategy for wind/diesel/battery hybrid energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    19. Das, Barun K. & Tushar, Mohammad Shahed H.K. & Zaman, Forhad, 2021. "Techno-economic feasibility and size optimisation of an off-grid hybrid system for supplying electricity and thermal loads," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PA).
    20. Li, Chong & Zheng, Yuan & Li, Zhengyong & Zhang, Lei & Zhang, Lin & Shan, Yicai & Tang, Qinghui, 2021. "Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of grid-connected and off-grid hybrid intermittent power generation systems: A case study of a mild humid subtropical climate zone in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:192:y:2020:i:c:s0360544219323977. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.