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Analysis of a multiple year gas sales agreement with make-up, carry-forward and indexation

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  • Dong, Wenfeng
  • Kang, Boda

Abstract

A typical gas sales agreement, also called a gas swing contract, is an agreement between a supplier and a purchaser for the delivery of variable daily quantities of gas, between specified minimum and maximum daily limits, over a certain number of years at a strike price. The main constraint of such an agreement that makes them difficult to value is that there is a minimum volume of gas (termed the take-or-pay or minimum bill) for which the buyer will be charged at the end of the year (or penalty date), regardless of the actual quantity of gas taken. We propose a framework for pricing such swing contracts where both the gas price and strike price (an index) are stochastic processes. With the help of a two-dimensional trinomial tree, we are able to price such swing contracts with both so-called make-up and carry-forward provisions; find optimal daily decisions and optimal yearly usage of both the make-up bank and the carry-forward bank. With the help of a number of numerical examples, we also provide a detailed analysis, not only of the different features these contracts have, but also how different model parameters will affect both the optimal value and the optimal decisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Dong, Wenfeng & Kang, Boda, 2019. "Analysis of a multiple year gas sales agreement with make-up, carry-forward and indexation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 76-96.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:79:y:2019:i:c:p:76-96
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.04.001
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Goudenège, Ludovic & Molent, Andrea & Zanette, Antonino, 2022. "Moving average options: Machine learning and Gauss-Hermite quadrature for a double non-Markovian problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 303(2), pages 958-974.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gas sales agreement; Swing contract; Indexation; Make-up; carry-forward; Forward price curve; Index price curve;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C61 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
    • C63 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Computational Techniques
    • C69 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Other
    • D81 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
    • Q41 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • Q49 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Other

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