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Revenue opportunities by integrating combined vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid applications in smart homes

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  • Kern, Timo
  • Dossow, Patrick
  • Morlock, Elena

Abstract

A smart integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the future energy system will be crucial in decarbonizing the energy sector. Bidirectional EVs can provide flexibility for the system and generate revenues for the user through multiple use cases. We model both exclusive photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption optimization and the combined usage of PV self-consumption optimization and arbitrage trading for a household with an unmanaged, smart, and bidirectional charging EV in a linear (LP) and mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). Since power flows in a typical household are low, varying non-linear charging and discharging efficiencies of the bidirectional EV in the MILP result in more realistic revenues that are 30% lower than in the LP with fixed efficiencies. For a typical German household using a bidirectional EV for optimizing PV self-consumption, these revenues are about 310 €/a, mostly generated during the summer. Arbitrage trading well complements this vehicle-to-home use case in the winter months, resulting in revenues up to 530 €/a. These significant revenue potentials can lead to more profitable and interactive EVs incentivizing users to change from internal combustion vehicles to electric mobility.

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  • Kern, Timo & Dossow, Patrick & Morlock, Elena, 2022. "Revenue opportunities by integrating combined vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid applications in smart homes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:307:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921014586
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118187
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Xiaochen & Fu, Zhi & Qiu, Siyuan & Zhang, Tao & Li, Shaojie & Yang, Zhi & Liu, Xiaohua & Jiang, Yi, 2023. "Charging private electric vehicles solely by photovoltaics: A battery-free direct-current microgrid with distributed charging strategy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    2. Alexandre F. M. Correia & Pedro Moura & Aníbal T. de Almeida, 2022. "Technical and Economic Assessment of Battery Storage and Vehicle-to-Grid Systems in Building Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-23, November.
    3. Muessel, Jarusch & Ruhnau, Oliver & Madlener, Reinhard, 2022. "Modeling Volatility and Flexibility of Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption," FCN Working Papers 17/2022, E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN), revised 01 May 2023.
    4. Yannick Pohlmann & Carl-Friedrich Klinck, 2023. "Techno-Economic Potential of V2B in a Neighborhood, Considering Tariff Models and Battery Cycle Limits," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-24, May.
    5. Makeen, Peter & Ghali, Hani A. & Memon, Saim & Duan, Fang, 2023. "Smart techno-economic operation of electric vehicle charging station in Egypt," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    6. Muchun Wan & Heyang Yu & Yingning Huo & Kan Yu & Quanyuan Jiang & Guangchao Geng, 2024. "Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-23, January.
    7. Park, Sung-Won & Son, Sung-Yong, 2023. "Techno-economic analysis for the electric vehicle battery aging management of charge point operator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    8. Müller, Mathias & Blume, Yannic & Reinhard, Janis, 2022. "Impact of behind-the-meter optimised bidirectional electric vehicles on the distribution grid load," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    9. Saberi-Beglar, Kasra & Zare, Kazem & Seyedi, Heresh & Marzband, Mousa & Nojavan, Sayyad, 2023. "Risk-embedded scheduling of a CCHP integrated with electric vehicle parking lot in a residential energy hub considering flexible thermal and electrical loads," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).

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