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Fiscal Decentralization – A Cautious Tale

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  • Yizhou Zhang
  • Geoffrey J.D. Hewings

Abstract

Many subnational economies are facing severe fiscal stress often generated by the devolution of responsibilities that have been accompanied by little devolution of fiscal resources. In 2011, the Illinois state government raised individual and corporate income taxes as one contribution to easing the problem of short term and longer‐term fiscal deficits; opponents of the tax increase were concerned about the impacts on labor mobility and the overall state economy, as well as the policy's effectiveness in addressing the state's financial situation. These concerns provide the foci of the present paper. Comparison of simulation results with and without the tax increase finds that although the policy increases the state government's income, it also negatively impacts the state economy in terms of greater out‐migration, lower employment and Gross Regional Product, and a smaller tax base in the long run. Moreover, simulation results show that the tax increase will expedite the state's debt clearance only if the state government significantly increases its share of income spent on debt payment, at the price of enhanced negative economic impacts. The results provide a cautionary tale for subnational authorities to consider more carefully the implications of unilateral changes in tax rates. Muchas economías subnacionales se enfrentan a graves tensiones fiscales, a menudo generadas por la devolución de responsabilidades, que ha ido acompañada de una escasa devolución de recursos fiscales. En 2011, el gobierno del estado de Illinois en los EE.UU. aumentó los impuestos sobre la renta de las personas físicas y de las empresas como una contribución para aliviar el problema del déficit fiscal a corto y largo plazo; los opositores al aumento de los impuestos estaban preocupados por los impactos en la movilidad laboral y en la economía en general del estado, así como por la eficacia de esta política a la hora de abordar la situación financiera del estado. Estas preocupaciones constituyen el centro de atención del presente artículo. La comparación de los resultados de la simulación con y sin el aumento de impuestos encontró que, aunque la política aumenta los ingresos del gobierno estatal, tiene a su vez un impacto negativo en la economía del estado en términos de mayor emigración, menor empleo, menor producto regional bruto, y una menor base imponible a largo plazo. Además, los resultados de la simulación muestran que el aumento de los impuestos acelerará la liquidación de la deuda estatal tan sólo si el gobierno del estado aumenta significativamente la contribución de los ingresos al pago de la deuda, a cambio de un mayor impacto económico negativo. Los resultados suponen una advertencia a las autoridades subnacionales para que consideren más detenidamente las implicaciones de cambios unilaterales en los tipos impositivos. 現在、多くの地域経済が厳しい財政ストレスを抱えているが、その多くは、財源の移譲をほとんど伴わずに権限委譲が行われたことによるものである。2011年、増税反対者は労働移動と州の全体的な経済、そして州財政に対処する政策の有効性に対する影響を懸念していたが、イリノイ州政府は、短期的および長期的な財政赤字による問題を緩和する手段として、個人所得税と法人所得税の引き上げを行った。これらの懸念事項こそが、本稿の中心である。増税した場合と増税しない場合でのシミュレーション結果の比較から、政策により州政府の税収は増加するが、州外への人口移動の増加、低い就業率と低い域内総生産、長期的に縮小していく税収基盤などの、州経済に対する負の影響もあることがわかる。さらに、シミュレーションの結果から、州政府が、州経済への負の影響が拡大することと引き換えに、負債の返済に充てる税収の割合を大幅に引き上げない限り、増税によって負債の完済が早められることはないことが示される。結果から、地方政府は一方的な税率の変更が及ぼす影響をより慎重に考慮するべきであるという教訓が窺える。

Suggested Citation

  • Yizhou Zhang & Geoffrey J.D. Hewings, 2019. "Fiscal Decentralization – A Cautious Tale," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(1), pages 173-187, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:11:y:2019:i:1:p:173-187
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12172
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