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Ethanol Transforms Agricultural Markets in the USA L'éthanol transforme les marchés agricoles aux Etats‐Unis Ethanol transformiert die Agrarmärkte in den USA

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  • Pat Westhoff
  • Wyatt Thompson
  • John Kruse
  • Seth Meyer

Abstract

Ethanol Transforms Agricultural Markets in the USA In the United States the volume of ethanol produced from maize is increasing at a very fast rate. The high crude oil prices explain some of this growth, but government policies have also been instrumental by fostering the growth of the US ethanol industry. Tax credits and import tariffs have encouraged investment by increasing ethanol producer returns, while at the same time environmental regulations and mandated levels of renewable fuel use have encouraged, if not required, gasoline blenders to use ethanol. The growing biofuel industry has resulted in closer links between energy and agricultural markets more than ever before. Prices for maize and other grains have increased, feed rations have changed, and the expected taxpayer cost of traditional US farm commodity programs has sharply declined. In 2006, high petroleum prices along with supportive policies contributed to record high US ethanol prices and massive investment in even greater production capacity. The immediate implications for the European Union are higher world commodity prices as maize is reallocated to ethanol production. As biofuels represent a larger share of motor fuel use in the US than in the EU, the US experience is a useful point of comparison as EU energy policies are developed. Aux Etats‐Unis, le volume d'éthanol produit à base de maïs s'accroit à un taux très rapide. Le prix élevé du pétrole explique partiellement cette augmentation, mais les politiques publiques ont aussi eues un rôle important pour favoriser la croissance de l'industrie de l'éthanol américaine. Les crédits d'impôts et les barrières douanières ont encouragé les investissements en augmentant la rentabilité des producteurs d'éthanol, cependant que les législations environnementales et l'obligation d'avoir une certaine proportion de produits renouvelables encourageaient (pour ne pas dire forçaient) les fabricants de mélanges de carburants à utiliser de l'éthanol. L'émergence d'une industrie des biocarburants a créé des liens inconnus auparavant entre les marchés de l'énergie et ceux des produits agricoles. Les prix du maïs et des autres céréales ont augmenté, les rations alimentaires des animaux d'élevage ont changé, et le coût pour le contribuable des programmes traditionnels de soutien aux produits agricoles ont considérablement diminués. En 2006, l'élévation des prix du pétrole et les politiques de soutien à la fi lière ont conduit à des prix record pour l'éthanol américain, et à des investissements massifs dans des capacités de production encore plus grandes. Du point de vue de l'UE, l'implication immédiate de la réaffectation du maïs à la production d'éthanol est un prix mondial plus élevé pour les produits agricoles. Dans la mesure où les biocarburants ont une part de marché plus importante aux Etats‐Unis qu'en Europe, l'expérience américaine est un point de comparaison utile pour l'élaboration de politiques énergétiques en Europe. In den Vereinigten Staaten nimmt die Menge an aus Mais gewonnenem Ethanol sehr schnell zu. Zum Teil sind die hohen Erdölpreise für dieses Wachstum verantwortlich, die Politikmaßnahmen der Regierung haben jedoch ebenfalls dazu beigetragen, indem sie das Wachstum der Ethanolindustrie in den USA unterstützten. Steuervergünstigungen und Einfuhrzölle haben sich günstig auf Investitionen ausgewirkt, indem sie die Rentabilität der Ethanolerzeugung erhöht haben, während zur gleichen Zeit Umweltverordnungen und gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Einsatzmengen von Kraftstoffen aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen die Unternehmen dazu ermutigt ‐ wenn nicht gar genötigt ‐ haben, Ethanol bei der Benzinmischung zu verwenden. Die wachsende Biokraftstoffi ndustrie hat dazu geführt, dass die Energie‐ und Agrarmärkte so eng wie nie zuvor miteinander verknüpft sind. Die Preise für Mais und andere Getreidearten sind gestiegen, die Futterrationen haben sich geändert, und die erwarteten Kosten für den Steuerzahler für herkömmliche Programme zur Förderung von landwirtschaftlichen Produkten in den USA sind stark gesunken. Im Jahr 2006 haben hohe Erdölpreise in Kombination mit begleitenden Politikmaßnahmen dazu beigetragen, dass die Ethanolpreise in den USA auf Rekordniveau gestiegen sind und dass enorme Investitionen in noch größere Produktionskapazitäten getätigt wurden. Für die EU hat dies unmittelbar einen Anstieg der internationalen Rohstoffpreise zur Folge, da Mais nun für die Ethanolproduktion benötigt wird. Da in den USA ein größerer Anteil von Biokraftstoffen als Treibstoff verwendet wird als in der EU, können die Erfahrungen aus den USA gut bei der Entwicklung der EU‐Energiepolitiken zum Vergleich heran gezogen werden.

Suggested Citation

  • Pat Westhoff & Wyatt Thompson & John Kruse & Seth Meyer, 2007. "Ethanol Transforms Agricultural Markets in the USA L'éthanol transforme les marchés agricoles aux Etats‐Unis Ethanol transformiert die Agrarmärkte in den USA," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 6(1), pages 14-21, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:6:y:2007:i:1:p:14-21
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-692X.2007.00053.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gallagher, Paul W., 2006. "Energy Production with Biomass: What Are the Prospects," Staff General Research Papers Archive 12559, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    2. Gallagher, Paul W., 2006. "Energy Production with Biomass: What Are the Prospects?," ISU General Staff Papers 200601010800001446, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    3. Duffield, James A. & Collins, Keith J., 2006. "Evolution of Renewable Energy Policy," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 21(1), pages 1-6.
    4. Oecd, 2006. "Agricultural Market Impacts of Future Growth in the Production of Biofuels," OECD Papers, OECD Publishing, vol. 6(1), pages 1-57.
    5. Gallagher, Paul W., 2006. "Energy Production with Biomass: What Are the Prospects?," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 21(1), pages 1-6.
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    1. Whistance, Jarrett & Ripplinger, David & Thompson, Wyatt, 2016. "Biofuel-related price transmission using Renewable Identification Number prices to signal mandate regime," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 19-29.

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