IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/annpce/v93y2022i1p55-84.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Factors affecting borrowers’ turnover in microfinance institutions: A panel evidence

Author

Listed:
  • Md Aslam Mia
  • Hasanul Banna
  • Abu Hanifa Md Noman
  • Md Rabiul Alam
  • Md. Sohel Rana

Abstract

In the era of competitiveness, clients or borrowers remain an important asset for financial institutions, as they are the ultimate source of revenue. Although the departure of clients from one microfinance institution (MFI) to another is a common phenomenon, the manner in which organizational characteristics affect turnover is largely unknown in the context of the microfinance industry. Hence, by utilizing recent (2010–18) data on 235 MFIs from the global microfinance industry, this study investigates the factors affecting the borrower turnover rates (BTR) of MFIs by employing conventional panel regression techniques. To overcome endogeneity and ensure robust and dynamic results, the generalized method of moments (GMM) has also been used in this study. The findings reveal that the efficiency‐wage and financial self‐sufficiency of MFIs reduce BTR, while staff turnover rate, write‐off ratio and average loan size increase BTR. Our results remain robust even after controlling for several market and macro‐economic factors. The findings could be utilized to generate several policy implications to reduce borrowers’ turnover.

Suggested Citation

  • Md Aslam Mia & Hasanul Banna & Abu Hanifa Md Noman & Md Rabiul Alam & Md. Sohel Rana, 2022. "Factors affecting borrowers’ turnover in microfinance institutions: A panel evidence," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 93(1), pages 55-84, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:annpce:v:93:y:2022:i:1:p:55-84
    DOI: 10.1111/apce.12325
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12325
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/apce.12325?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Khandker, S.R. & Khalily, B. & Khan, Z., 1995. "Grameen Bank: Performance and Sustainability," World Bank - Discussion Papers 306, World Bank.
    2. Asadul Islam, 2011. "Medium- and Long-Term Participation in Microcredit: An Evaluation Using a New Panel Dataset from Bangladesh," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 93(3), pages 843-862.
    3. Hansen, Lars Peter, 1982. "Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(4), pages 1029-1054, July.
    4. Ashim Kumar Kar & Ranjula Bali Swain, 2018. "Competition, Performance and Portfolio Quality in Microfinance Markets," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 30(5), pages 842-870, December.
    5. Carmen Velasco & Reynaldo Marconi, 2004. "Group dynamics, gender and microfinance in Bolivia," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 519-528.
    6. Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995. "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
    7. Jia, Xiangping & Cull, Robert & Guo, Pei & Ma, Tao, 2016. "Commercialization and mission drift: Evidence from a large Chinese microfinance institution," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 17-32.
    8. Richard L. Meyer, 2002. "The demand for flexible microfinance products: lessons from Bangladesh," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(3), pages 351-368.
    9. Ashim Kumar Kar, 2016. "Measuring competition in microfinance markets: a new approach," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(4), pages 423-440, July.
    10. Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, 2019. "The macroeconomy and microfinance outreach: a panel data analysis," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(21), pages 2266-2274, May.
    11. Katsushi Imai & Raghav Gaiha & Ganesh Thapa & Samuel Kobina AnnimAditi Gupta & Aditi Gupta, 2011. "Performance of Microfinance Institutions: A Macroeconomic and Institutional Perspective," Economics Discussion Paper Series 1116, Economics, The University of Manchester.
    12. Ahlin, Christian & Lin, Jocelyn & Maio, Michael, 2011. "Where does microfinance flourish? Microfinance institution performance in macroeconomic context," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(2), pages 105-120, July.
    13. Marc J. Epstein & Kristi Yuthas, 2013. "Rural Microfinance And Client Retention: Evidence From Malawi," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 18(01), pages 1-17.
    14. Tchakoute Tchuigoua, Hubert, 2016. "Buffer capital in microfinance institutions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(9), pages 3523-3537.
    15. Andrew Hertzberg & Jose Maria Liberti & Daniel Paravisini, 2010. "Information and Incentives Inside the Firm: Evidence from Loan Officer Rotation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 65(3), pages 795-828, June.
    16. Annabel Vanroose & Bert D’Espallier, 2013. "Do microfinance institutions accomplish their mission? Evidence from the relationship between traditional financial sector development and microfinance institutions’ outreach and performance," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(15), pages 1965-1982, May.
    17. Cheng, Wenli & Xu, Haiyang, 2004. "The efficiency wage hypothesis: a mesoeconomic analysis," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 55(2), pages 257-269, October.
    18. Nicolas Krauss & Ingo Walter, 2009. "Can Microfinance Reduce Portfolio Volatility?," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 58(1), pages 85-110, October.
    19. Salop, Steven C, 1979. "A Model of the Natural Rate of Unemployment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 69(1), pages 117-125, March.
    20. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    21. Shahnaz Abdullah & Shakil Quayes, 2016. "Do women borrowers augment financial performance of MFIs?," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(57), pages 5593-5604, December.
    22. Silvia Ferrari & Francisco Cribari-Neto, 2004. "Beta Regression for Modelling Rates and Proportions," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(7), pages 799-815.
    23. Afsheen Abrar, 2019. "The impact of financial and social performance of microfinance institutions on lending interest rate: A cross-country evidence," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 1540072-154, January.
    24. Joshua Abor & Simon Harvey, 2008. "Foreign direct investment and employment: host country experience," Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 1(2), pages 213-225.
    25. Mersland, Roy & Strøm, R. Øystein, 2010. "Microfinance Mission Drift?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 28-36, January.
    26. Pagura, Maria E. & Graham, Douglas H. & Meyer, Richard L., 2001. "Determinants Of Borrower Dropout In Microfinance: An Empirical Investigation In Mali," 2001 Annual meeting, August 5-8, Chicago, IL 20568, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    27. Knar Khachatryan & Valentina Hartarska & Aleksandr Grigoryan, 2017. "Performance and Capital Structure of Microfinance Institutions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia," Eastern European Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(5), pages 395-419, September.
    28. David Hulme, 1991. "Field reports. The Malawi Mundi fund: Daughter of Grameen," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 3(3), pages 427-431.
    29. Ahamed, M. Mostak & Mallick, Sushanta K., 2019. "Is financial inclusion good for bank stability? International evidence," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 403-427.
    30. Douglas Cumming & Yizhe Dong & Wenxuan Hou & Binayak Sen (ed.), 2017. "Microfinance for Entrepreneurial Development," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-319-62111-1, December.
    31. Robert Cull & Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Jonathan Morduch, 2009. "Microfinance meets the market," Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, in: Moving Beyond Storytelling: Emerging Research in Microfinance, pages 1-30, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
    32. Cecilia Varendh-Mansson & Tyler Wry & Ariane Szafarz, 2020. "Anchors Aweigh? Then Time to Head Upstream Why we Need to Theorize “Mission” before “Drift”," Working Papers CEB PostPrintCEB024, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    33. Sophie de Winne & Elise Marescaux & Luc Sels & Ilke van Beveren & Stijn Vanormelingen, 2019. "The impact of employee turnover and turnover volatility on labor productivity: a flexible non-linear approach," Post-Print hal-02998176, HAL.
    34. Hossain, Mahabub, 1988. "Credit for alleviation of rural poverty: the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh," Research reports 65, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    35. Md Aslam Mia & Hwok-Aun Lee & VGR Chandran & Rajah Rasiah & Mahfuzur Rahman, 2019. "History of microfinance in Bangladesh: A life cycle theory approach," Business History, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 61(4), pages 703-733, May.
    36. Cesar Escalante & Hofner Rusiana, 2018. "Borrower-Specific and Institutional Factors Leading to the Forced or Voluntary Exit of Microfinance Borrowers," Proceedings of International Academic Conferences 7808465, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    37. Jonathan Morduch, 1999. "The Microfinance Promise," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 37(4), pages 1569-1614, December.
    38. Alejandro Drexler & Antoinette Schoar, 2014. "Do Relationships Matter? Evidence from Loan Officer Turnover," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(11), pages 2722-2736, November.
    39. Hossain, Shahadat & Galbreath, Jeremy & Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Randøy, Trond, 2020. "Does competition enhance the double-bottom-line performance of microfinance institutions?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    40. Faisal Mustafa & Ambreen Khursheed & Maham Fatima, 2018. "Impact of global financial crunch on financially innovative microfinance institutions in South Asia," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 4(1), pages 1-11, December.
    41. Liu, Chung-Tzer & Guo, Yi Maggie & Lee, Chia-Hui, 2011. "The effects of relationship quality and switching barriers on customer loyalty," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 71-79.
    42. Azmi, Wajahat & Ali, Mohsin & Arshad, Shaista & Rizvi, Syed Aun R., 2019. "Intricacies of competition, stability, and diversification: Evidence from dual banking economies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 111-126.
    43. Sarah Pearlman, 2014. "Dropouts, Defaulters, and Continuing Borrowers: Client Exit from Microfinance," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 52(4), pages 301-321, December.
    44. Galema, Rients & Lensink, Robert & Spierdijk, Laura, 2011. "International diversification and Microfinance," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 507-515, April.
    45. Cull,Robert J. & Morduch,Jonathan J., 2017. "Microfinance and economic development," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8252, The World Bank.
    46. Copestake, James, 2007. "Mainstreaming Microfinance: Social Performance Management or Mission Drift?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 35(10), pages 1721-1738, October.
    47. Tauhidul Islam Tanin & Mohammad Ashraful Mobin & Adam Ng & Ginanjar Dewandaru & Kinan Salim & Malik Abdulrahman Nkoba & Lutfi Abdul Razak, 2019. "How does microfinance prosper? An analysis of environmental, social, and governance context," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(6), pages 1001-1022, November.
    48. Monique Cohen, 2002. "Making microfinance more client-led," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(3), pages 335-350.
    49. Solow, Robert M., 1979. "Another possible source of wage stickiness," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 79-82.
    50. Esubalew Assefa & Niels Hermes & Aljar Meesters, 2013. "Competition and the performance of microfinance institutions," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(9), pages 767-782, May.
    51. Robert Marquez, 2002. "Competition, Adverse Selection, and Information Dispersion in the Banking Industry," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 15(3), pages 901-926.
    52. Obinna Udodiri Nkwocha & Javed Hussain & Hatem El-Gohary & David J. Edwards & Ernest Ovia, 2019. "Dynamics of Group Lending Mechanism and the Role of Group Leaders in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nigeria," International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management (IJCRMM), IGI Global, vol. 10(3), pages 54-71, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Md Aslam Mia, 2024. "Loyalty of rural microfinance borrowers: International evidence," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 76(1), pages 67-94, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Niels Hermes & Marek Hudon, 2018. "Determinants Of The Performance Of Microfinance Institutions: A Systematic Review," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(5), pages 1483-1513, December.
    2. Ashim Kumar Kar & Ranjula Bali Swain, 2018. "Competition, Performance and Portfolio Quality in Microfinance Markets," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 30(5), pages 842-870, December.
    3. Hermes, Cornelis & Hudon, M., 2018. "Determinants of the Performance of Microfinance Institutions: A Systematic Review," Research Report 2018008, University of Groningen, Research Institute SOM (Systems, Organisations and Management).
    4. Uddin, Md Hamid & Akter, Shabiha & Mollah, Sabur & Al Mahi, Masnun, 2022. "Differences in bank and microfinance business models: An analysis of the loan monitoring systems and funding sources," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    5. Wagner, Charlotte & Winkler, Adalbert, 2013. "The Vulnerability of Microfinance to Financial Turmoil – Evidence from the Global Financial Crisis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 71-90.
    6. Patrick Reichert, 2018. "A meta-analysis examining the nature of trade-offs in microfinance," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(3), pages 430-452, July.
    7. Adusei, Michael, 2021. "Interest rate and the social performance of microfinance institutions," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 21-30.
    8. Soumaré, Issouf & Tchakoute Tchuigoua, Hubert & Hessou, Hélyoth T.S., 2020. "Are microfinance institutions resilient to economic slowdown? Evidence from their capital ratio adjustment over the business cycle," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 1-22.
    9. Hessou, Hélyoth T.S. & Lensink, Robert & Soumaré, Issouf & Tchakoute Tchuigoua, Hubert, 2021. "Provisioning over the business cycle: Some insights from the microfinance industry," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    10. Bibi, Uzma & Balli, Hatice Ozer & Matthews, Claire D. & Tripe, David W.L., 2018. "New approaches to measure the social performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs)," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 88-97.
    11. Gutiérrez-Nieto, Begoña & Serrano-Cinca, Carlos, 2019. "20 years of research in microfinance: An information management approach," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 183-197.
    12. Brière, Marie & Szafarz, Ariane, 2015. "Does Commercial Microfinance Belong to the Financial Sector? Lessons from the Stock Market," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 110-125.
    13. Hailu Abebe Wondirad, 2020. "Competition and microfinance institutions’ performance: evidence from India," International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 1-19, December.
    14. Kendo, Sandra & Tchakounte, Josephine, 2022. "The drivers of the financial integration of microfinance Institutions: Do financial development, agency costs and microfinance performance matter?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 128-142.
    15. Leif Atle Beisland & Bert D’Espallier & Roy Mersland, 2019. "The Commercialization of the Microfinance Industry: Is There a ‘Personal Mission Drift’ Among Credit Officers?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 158(1), pages 119-134, August.
    16. repec:dau:papers:123456789/14039 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Moh’d Al-Azzam & Christopher Parmeter, 2021. "Competition and microcredit interest rates: international evidence," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 829-868, February.
    18. Md Aslam Mia, 2024. "Loyalty of rural microfinance borrowers: International evidence," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 76(1), pages 67-94, January.
    19. Janda, Karel & Zetek, Pavel, 2014. "Mikrofinanční Revoluce: Aktuální Kontroverze A Výzvy [Microfinance Revolution: Recent Controversies And Challenges]," MPRA Paper 54098, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Olga Gorelkina & Ioanna Grypari & Erin Hengel, 2019. "One strike and you’re out! The Master Lever’s effect on senatorial policy-making," Working Papers 201906, University of Liverpool, Department of Economics.
    21. Hossain, Shahadat & Galbreath, Jeremy & Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Randøy, Trond, 2020. "Does competition enhance the double-bottom-line performance of microfinance institutions?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:annpce:v:93:y:2022:i:1:p:55-84. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1370-4788 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.