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Differentiated integration in the European Union: Its role for cooperating with nonmembers and for the EU’s future as perceived by academic experts

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  • Sandra Kröger
  • Maria Dede

Abstract

There is now an abundant conceptual and empirical literature on differentiated integration in the EU. However, what are academic experts’ more political and normative views on the matter? This paper enlarges our knowledge about how academic experts perceive of DI in general, as well as about questions relating to external DI, enlargement, and the EU’s future. From the analysis emerge four main findings. First, there continues to be very strong support for the idea of a flexible Europe, though there remain strong differences in support between different types of DI. Second, a large majority of our experts considered that DI should not be allowed in all EU policies areas, not least the Rule of Law. Third, the majority of respondents support external DI, however not unconditionally. Fourth, and finally, despite the overall support for DI in many areas of policy, experts in their majority thought that uniform integration would better allow the EU to realise its goals, and so DI appears as a second-best which is supported when uniform integration does not seem politically feasible.

Suggested Citation

  • Sandra Kröger & Maria Dede, 2022. "Differentiated integration in the European Union: Its role for cooperating with nonmembers and for the EU’s future as perceived by academic experts," RSCAS Working Papers 2022/63, European University Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2022/63
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Benjamin Leruth & Stefan Gänzle & Jarle Trondal, 2019. "Exploring Differentiated Disintegration in a Post‐Brexit European Union," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(5), pages 1013-1030, September.
    2. Sandra Kröger & Thomas Loughran, 2022. "The Risks and Benefits of Differentiated Integration in the European Union as Perceived by Academic Experts," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(3), pages 702-720, May.
    3. Frank Schimmelfennig & Thomas Winzen, 2014. "Instrumental and Constitutional Differentiation in the European Union," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(2), pages 354-370, March.
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