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Heat Stress, Air Pollution Risk, and Population Exposure: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Minhaj Mahmud

    (Asian Development Bank)

  • Yujie Zhang

    (University of Pennsylvania)

Abstract

This study examines the interplay between extreme temperatures and air pollution risks, the geographic and temporal distribution, as well as the population burden of climate shocks in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand, and Viet Nam—countries severely impacted by climate change. Using ERA5-HEAT temperature data and PM2.5 pollution data, we first identify “hotspots” within and across the countries by analyzing district level trends in heat stress and pollution exposure. We further explore the correlation between temperature and pollution shocks. Finally, jointly considering the spatial distribution of populations and key climate and pollution hazards, we highlight the most vulnerable groups with population weighted exposure measures. Our findings reveal distinct country-specific patterns in both the correlation between heat stress and air pollution risk, and the population exposure to the hazards across demographic profiles. These results emphasize targeted policies to mitigate the compounded effects of climate and air pollution hazards on vulnerable populations across Asia.

Suggested Citation

  • Minhaj Mahmud & Yujie Zhang, 2026. "Heat Stress, Air Pollution Risk, and Population Exposure: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 835, Asian Development Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:ris:adbewp:022144
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    JEL classification:

    • J10 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - General
    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

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