Digital Port Integration and Terminal Efficiency: Evidence from Vessel, Truck, and Container Turnaround Times in Japanese Container Terminals

This study examines port terminal efficiency through an empirical analysis of the turnaround times of vessels, trucks, and containers entering and leaving selected Japanese container terminals. Using a comprehensive dataset combining terminal operator records, vessel movement data, and liner service data, we analyze patterns in vessel berthing, truck arrival, truck turnaround, container round trip, and container dwell times across multiple ports. Our findings reveal distinct temporal patterns in terminal operations—with significant variations between import and export containers—and demonstrate that vessel calls, container types, and time of day significantly influence operational efficiency. Regression analyses indicate that turnaround times are primarily affected by terminal controlled factors. Based on these findings, we propose policy recommendations for dynamic scheduling systems, operational standardization, and infrastructure optimization. Our results contribute to the growing literature on port digitalization and provide evidence-based guidance for terminal operators and policymakers seeking to enhance port efficiency through digital integration.