Platform Work in Finland: Determinants, Heterogeneity, and Multiple Jobholding

Using linked survey and register data, we provide new nationally representative evidence on platform work in Finland, examining its prevalence, heterogeneity, and combination with multiple jobholding. Platform work participation is most strongly associated with immigrant background. Onsite and online platform workers exhibit systematically different profiles — immigrant background and urban residence are distinctive predictors of onsite platform work while lower income is independently associated with online participation. We also provide the first nationally representative evidence on the intersection of platform work and multiple jobholding in a Nordic coordinated market economy. Conventional multiple jobholding concentrates among higher-income and higher-educated workers consistent with portfolio theory, while platform work without strictly defined multiple jobholding follows a necessity pattern more prevalent among lower-income workers. Platform multiple jobholding conforms to neither framework, exhibiting income invariance and a distinctive gender gap absent from conventional multiple jobholding.