The Problem Is Not “Socialism” but the Term Itself: A Theoretical Analysis of the Conceptual Incoherence of Socialist Ideas

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the theoretical incoherence and practical futility of the longstanding public debate “Capitalism vs. Socialism”. The paper offers a conceptual and theoretical analysis of the term “socialism” within the framework of Marx’s philosophical–economic theory. It argues that contemporary discussions of capitalism and socialism are distorted by entrenched terminological errors that were consolidated and institutionalised within the Soviet ideological model, whose influence continues to shape political and intellectual discourse today. By drawing a systematic distinction between Marx’s scientific theory—comprising dialectical materialism, historical materialism, and political economy—and the ideological construct developed during the Soviet period and commonly known as Marxism, the author demonstrates that the concept of a “socialist social formation” is theoretically inconsistent and lacks any foundation within the framework of historical materialism. The analysis shows that, according to Marx’s theoretical system, the type of social formation is determined by the mode of production and, therefore, by the type of labour employed. From this standpoint, both private and state ownership are capitalist in character when the production process is based on wage labour. Hence, the so-called “socialist” states of the twentieth century should be regarded as systems of absolute state capitalism—a form of capitalism in which the state is the sole and monopolistic owner of all means of production. The article further argues that the modern use of the term “socialism” results from a semantic substitution: instead of denoting a theoretically invalid type of social formation, it now refers to a social function of the capitalist state—namely, redistributive policy within the capitalist economic system. Clarifying these distinctions enables a more accurate understanding of Marx’s theoretical legacy and shows that, unlike the ideological doctrine of Marxism, his philosophical–economic theory supports rather than rejects the principles of a free society: private property, free labour, and economic efficiency.