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Digital technology diffusion in the age of AI: Cross-country evidence from microdata

Author

Listed:
  • Flavio Calvino
  • Hélder Costa
  • Daniel Haerle

Abstract

This paper analyses firms’ use of AI, big data analysis, internet of things, robotics and 3D printing across 15 OECD Member countries. It documents seven stylised facts on digital technology diffusion in the age of AI. Advanced technologies tend to build on enabling ones and diffusion varies considerably by sector and technology. Larger firms exhibit higher uptake, and this is not driven by sectoral composition. Human and technological capital – including education, ICT skills and firms’ digitalisation – emerge as critical enablers. Adopters tend to be more productive than non-adopters, with the notable exception of 3D printing, but part of the observed productivity premia can be attributed to differences in human and technological capital. These factors are associated with higher productivity and contribute to explaining adopters’ productivity advantages, particularly in the case of AI. Policies should combine technological, skill development and sector-sensitive measures to accelerate diffusion and unlock productivity.

Suggested Citation

  • Flavio Calvino & Hélder Costa & Daniel Haerle, 2026. "Digital technology diffusion in the age of AI: Cross-country evidence from microdata," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2026/01, OECD Publishing.
    • Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2026/01-en
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    JEL classification:

    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

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