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Four Interpretations of Social Capital: An Agenda for Measurement

Author

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  • Katherine Scrivens

    (OECD)

  • Conal Smith

    (OECD)

Abstract

This paper looks beyond the broad notion of social capital – which has been applied to a number of different phenomena –in order to clarify (i) the range of different elements that are encompassed by the term; and (ii) what needs to be done to further statistical research and development in order to lay the groundwork for establishing guidelines for better comparative measures in the future. The paper starts by describing the origins of the concept of social capital and the evolution of different approaches in the literature on this subject: it argues that there is not one single interpretation of social capital but rather several different approaches, which need to be more clearly distinguished in order for research and measurement to advance. The paper identifies four main ways in which the concept of “social capital” has been conceptualised and measured -- i) personal relationships; ii) social network support; iii) civic engagement; and iv) trust and cooperative norms -- reflecting different views of what social capital ‘is’ and implying different research agendas. The paper then looks at each of these four area in turn, assessing their meaning, functionings, and areas of policy relevance. Finally, the paper looks at measurement issues, providing examples of the measures on each of the four areas from national and international surveys. Recommendations for further statistical work in the field of social capital measurement are supported by a database of the survey questions used in around 50 surveys worldwide, available at www.oecd.org/std/social-capital-project-and-question-databank.htm. employée pour qualifier un nombre de phénomènes différents – afin de définir (i) l’ensemble des éléments qui sont inclus dans ce terme ; et (ii) la feuille de route à suivre pour poursuivre la recherche statistiques et développer les principes à suivre capables d’améliorer la comparabilité des indicateurs dans le futur. Dans une première partie, ce rapport s’attache à décrire les origines du concept de capital social et l’évolution de la littérature sur les différentes approches qui lui sont associées : ce papier démontre qu’il n’y a pas qu’une seule définition du capital social, mais plutôt différentes approches qui doivent être clairement distinguées dans une perspective de recherche et de mesure. Ce rapport identifie quatre directions dans lesquelles la notion de « capital social » a été conceptualisée et mesurée : i) les relations interpersonnelles ; ii) la qualité des liens sociaux, iii) l’engagement civique et iv) la confiance et les normes de coopérations. Cette grande diversité reflète la variété des approches sur ce qu’ « est » le capital social et implique différents programmes de recherche. Ce rapport détaille ensuite ces quatre approches en étudiant pour chacune d’elle, sa signification, son mode de fonctionnement et les champs d’action politique qui lui sont associés. Dans une dernière partie, ce document de travail s’intéresse aux questions de mesure pour chacune de ces approches en offrant des exemples de mesure tirés d’enquêtes nationales et internationales. Les recommandations proposées pour la poursuite des travaux statistiques s’appuient sur une base de données recueillant les questions d’une cinquantaine d’enquêtes réalisées dans le monde entier et qui est disponible sur www.oecd.org/std/social-capital-project-and-question-databank.htm.

Suggested Citation

  • Katherine Scrivens & Conal Smith, 2013. "Four Interpretations of Social Capital: An Agenda for Measurement," OECD Statistics Working Papers 2013/6, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2013/6-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzbcx010wmt-en
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