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The Economic Feedbacks of Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services

Author

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  • Anil Markandya

    (Basque Center for Climate Change)

Abstract

The topic of biodiversity loss has been the subject of a vast and growing scientific and economic literature. Species are estimated to be going extinct at rates 100 to 1000 times faster than in geological times. Globally, terrestrial biodiversity is projected to decrease by a further 10% by 2050. As with biodiversity, the planet has also experienced major losses in the services derived from ecosystems. During the last century, for example, the planet has lost 50% of its wetlands, 40% of its forests and 35% of its mangroves. Around 60% of global ecosystem services have been degraded in just 50 years. While there is a large and growing literature on the values associated with the services that ecosystems provide, much less has been done in analysing the causality in the other direction – i.e. in assessing the linkages from changes in ecosystem services to the functioning of the economy. This report contributes to an effort to identify environmental pressures under different structural and environmental policy assumptions and the associated damages that will result under different economic scenarios to 2050. Based on these it aims, inter alia, to examine how the environmental pressures may affect economic growth paths. This report contributes to that goal by looking at the consequences of the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It does so by reviewing the main findings in the literature and key issues involved in the valuation of biodiversity and ecosystems services, as well as key issues involved in linking loss of biodiversity and ecosystems services to economic activity. The report finishes by identifying the main opportunities and obstacles in including biodiversity and eco-system services into a dynamic general equilibrium framework. La perte de biodiversité fait l’objet d’un riche corpus d’ouvrages scientifiques et économiques, qui ne cesse de s’étoffer. On estime que le rythme d’extinction des espèces est aujourd’hui 100 à 1 000 fois supérieur à celui des époques géologiques. À l’échelle mondiale, la biodiversité terrestre devrait, selon les projections, reculer encore de 10 % d’ici 2050. Comme pour la biodiversité, la planète enregistre également d’importantes pertes au niveau des services dérivés des écosystèmes. Au cours du dernier siècle, par exemple, elle a perdu 50 % de ses zones humides, 40 % de ses forêts et 35 % de ses mangroves. Environ 60 % des services écosystémiques mondiaux se sont dégradés en 50 ans à peine. S’il existe un nombre imposant et croissant de travaux publiés sur les valeurs associées aux services fournis par les écosystèmes, l'analyse des relations de cause à effet dans l'autre direction, c'est-à-dire à l'évaluation des conséquences des changements intervenant dans les services écosystémiques sur le fonctionnement de l’économie, a beaucoup moins retenu l’attention. Le présent rapport s’inscrit dans un effort visant à identifier les pressions environnementales sur la base de différentes hypothèses relatives aux politiques structurelles et environnementales, ainsi que les dommages attendus d’ici 2050 selon différents scénarios économiques. Il s’agit notamment d’analyser comment ces pressions sont susceptibles de peser sur les trajectoires de croissance économique. Ce rapport contribue à cette analyse en s’intéressant aux conséquences des pertes de biodiversité et de services écosystémiques. Pour ce faire, il passe en revue les principaux constats présentés dans la littérature, les difficultés fondamentales posées par l’évaluation de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques, ainsi que les grands problèmes liés à la détermination des liens entre, d’une part, la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques et, d’autre part, l’activité économique. Pour terminer, le rapport repère les principales possibilités et difficultés d’intégration de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques dans un cadre d’équilibre général dynamique.

Suggested Citation

  • Anil Markandya, 2015. "The Economic Feedbacks of Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services," OECD Environment Working Papers 93, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:envaaa:93-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqgv610fg6-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Wolde Mekuria & Merga Diyasa & Anna Tengberg & Amare Haileslassie, 2021. "Effects of Long-Term Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Ecosystem Service Values: An Example from the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-17, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    biodiversity; biodiversité; ecosystem services; écosystèmes;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth
    • Q22 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - Fishery
    • Q57 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Ecological Economics

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