Author
Listed:
- Nicolas Ruiz
(OECD)
- Nicolas Woloszko
Abstract
Standard income inequality figures, based on official household survey statistics covering most of the population, report a steady rise of inequality across a majority of advanced countries. The usefulness of these data sources in providing a timely and internationally comparable picture of inequality is undisputed, but one well-known limitation is their under-reporting of top incomes. This matters insofar as separate data sources devoted specifically to top incomes evolution report substantially faster inequality growth in recent years compared to conventional statistics. This paper proposes a methodology to adjust household survey data for the under-reporting of top incomes. More specifically, the analysis delivers a set of top incomes-adjusted income distribution series that bring together the bottom 99% and the top 1%. Unsurprisingly, the results point to a significant increase of the level of inequality measured by standard statistics based on official figures: the Gini coefficient adjusted for top incomes was in 2011 on average 6 percentage points higher, moving from 0.31 to 0.37 for the average OECD country; similarly, the gap between the mean income of the richest and the poorest 10% rises from 10 to 15 as a result from the adjustment. Inequality trends are also significantly altered, albeit in ways that differ across countries. Que peut-on apprendre des hauts revenus à partir de données d'enquêtes dans les pays de l'OCDE ? Les chiffres sur les inégalités de revenus, basés sur les enquêtes auprès des ménages, couvrent la plupart de la population et font état d'une augmentation constante de l'inégalité dans la majorité des pays avancés. L'utilité de ces sources afin de fournir une image satisfaisante et comparables à l'échelle internationale de l'inégalité est reconnue, mais une limite bien connue est leur sous-déclaration des hauts revenus. Cela importe dans la mesure où des sources de données distinctes consacrées spécifiquement aux hauts revenus décrivent une évolution de l'inégalité sensiblement plus rapide au cours des dernières années par rapport aux statistiques classiques. Cet article propose une méthodologie pour ajuster les données d'enquêtes auprès des ménages pour la sous-déclaration des hauts revenus. Plus précisément, l'analyse fournit un ensemble de série sur la répartition des revenus ajustés pour les hauts revenus et qui rassemblent ainsi les 99% et les 1% des ménages les plus riches. Les résultats montrent une augmentation significative du niveau de l'inégalité par rapport aux statistiques standard basées sur des chiffres officiels: le coefficient de Gini corrigé des hauts revenus a été en 2011 en moyenne de 6 points de pourcentage supérieur, passant de 0,31 à 0,37 pour la moyenne des pays de l'OCDE ; De même, l'écart entre le revenu moyen des plus riches et les plus pauvres passe de 10 à 15 suite à l'ajustement. L'évolution des inégalités est également modifiée de façon significative, quoique de manière hétérogène selon les pays.
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JEL classification:
- D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
- D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
- O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
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