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Measuring Efficiency and Equity Framing in Economics Research: LLM-Based Evidence from 1950 to 2021

Author

Listed:
  • Sebastian Galiani
  • Ramiro H. Gálvez
  • Franco Mettola La Giglia
  • Raul A. Sosa

Abstract

We measure how frontier research frames what is normatively at stake along the efficiency and equity dimension. We develop and validate an LLM-based measurement pipeline and apply it to 27,464 full-text journal articles from 1950 to 2021. Efficiency focused framing rises through the late 1980s, then declines as equity related framing expands after 1990, especially in applied work and policy evaluations. By 2021, papers with an equity component are about as common as papers framed purely around efficiency. President transmittal letters in the Economic Report of the President show a similar post 1990 shift toward equity, providing an external benchmark.

Suggested Citation

  • Sebastian Galiani & Ramiro H. Gálvez & Franco Mettola La Giglia & Raul A. Sosa, 2026. "Measuring Efficiency and Equity Framing in Economics Research: LLM-Based Evidence from 1950 to 2021," NBER Working Papers 34714, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34714
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    JEL classification:

    • A14 - General Economics and Teaching - - General Economics - - - Sociology of Economics
    • B2 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought since 1925
    • C8 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

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