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Adapting for scale: Experimental Evidence on Technology-aided Instruction in India

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  • Karthik Muralidharan
  • Abhijeet Singh

Abstract

Many interventions that “work” in small-scale trials often fail at scale, highlighting the centrality of effective scaling for realizing the promise of evidence-based policy. We study the scaling of a personalized adaptive learning (PAL) software that was highly effective in a small-scale trial. We adapt the PAL implementation for scalability by integrating it into public school schedules, and experimentally evaluate this adaptation in a more representative sample over 20 times larger than the original study. After 18 months, treated students scored 0.22σ higher in Mathematics and 0.20σ higher in Hindi, a 50–66% productivity increase over the control group. Learning gains were proportional to student time on the platform, providing a simple, low-cost metric for monitoring implementation quality in future scale-ups. The adaptation was cost effective, and its key design features make it widely scalable across diverse settings.

Suggested Citation

  • Karthik Muralidharan & Abhijeet Singh, 2025. "Adapting for scale: Experimental Evidence on Technology-aided Instruction in India," NBER Working Papers 34205, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34205
    Note: DEV ED LS PE PR
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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