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How socio-economic conditions shape empowerment of indigenous women in El Alto’s tourism sector

Author

Listed:
  • Anna Lavooi

    (CIDES-UMSA)

Abstract

This article examines the role of socio-economic conditions in shaping empowerment, based on an ethnograph-ic study conducted in 2022–2023 with three groups of indige-nous women working in the tourism sector in El Alto, Bolivia: Cholitas Escaladoras, Cholitas Luchadoras, and female guides. The study shows that socio-economic structures contribute to both empowerment and disempowerment. In the context of El Alto, social capital, including family networks and associa-tions, and labour relations emerge as key factors. Horizontal labour relations, which foster collaboration and shared deci-sion-making, are associated with greater economic, social, and political empowerment, while vertical structures tend to limit agencyand create dependency. These findings underscore the importance of considering contextual socio-economic condi-tions when analysing empowerment, offering a holistic under-standing of how it manifests across different groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna Lavooi, 2025. "How socio-economic conditions shape empowerment of indigenous women in El Alto’s tourism sector," Investigación & Desarrollo 0225, Universidad Privada Boliviana.
    • Handle: RePEc:iad:wpaper:0225
    DOI: http://10.0.93.73/idupbo.025.2-8e
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • Z32 - Other Special Topics - - Tourism Economics - - - Tourism and Development
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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