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Territorial Control of Data and Compute in Generative AI: A New Paradigm of Competitive Advantage

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  • Frédéric Marty

    (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur, CIRANO - Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations [Montréal, Canada] = Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations [Montréal, Canada])

  • Thierry Warin

    (HEC Montréal - HEC Montréal, CIRANO - Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations [Montréal, Canada] = Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations [Montréal, Canada])

Abstract

Les progrès rapides de l'intelligence artificielle générative (IA) sont de plus en plus conditionnés par le contrôle de deux intrants essentiels : des données de haute qualité et l'infrastructure de calcul nécessaire pour entraîner et actualiser les poids de modèles à grande échelle. Cet article soutient que ces intrants – plutôt que le seul talent algorithmique ou la nouveauté des architectures – sont devenus les actifs stratégiques décisifs de l'IA générative, créant ainsi d'importantes barrières structurelles à l'entrée. Nous examinons qui contrôle ces ressources et comment ce contrôle se répartit territorialement entre les pays. En nous appuyant sur la littérature en organisation industrielle, en politique de concurrence et en économie politique internationale, nous mettons en évidence une lacune dans les recherches existantes : l'attention insuffisante portée à la concentration territoriale de la « capacité de réglage des poids des modèles », c'est-à-dire la faculté d'entraîner des modèles de fondation de pointe. Nos résultats montrent que cette capacité est largement concentrée dans quelques entreprises et régions, ce qui renforce la concentration des marchés et limite la souveraineté de la plupart des pays en matière de développement de l'IA. Bien que les innovations en matière d'architectures de modèles et d'efficacité (comme l'illustre le cas DeepSeek) puissent réduire les besoins en calcul à la marge, elles n'éliminent pas les avantages d'échelle conférés par l'accès privilégié à d'immenses ensembles de données propriétaires et à des grappes de calcul de dimension nationale. L'article conclut en soulignant les implications pour la concurrence et la régulation, en avançant que le contrôle territorial des données et des ressources de calcul constitue un défi structurel fondamental pour la concurrence sur les marchés et pour l'équité mondiale en matière d'IA.

Suggested Citation

  • Frédéric Marty & Thierry Warin, 2025. "Territorial Control of Data and Compute in Generative AI: A New Paradigm of Competitive Advantage," Working Papers halshs-05272052, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-05272052
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bougette, Patrice & Budzinski, Oliver & Marty, Frédéric, 2025. "Ex-ante versus Ex-post in competition law enforcement: Blurred boundaries and economic rationale," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    2. Patrice Bougette & Oliver Budzinski & Frédéric Marty, 2019. "Exploitative Abuse and Abuse of Economic Dependence: What Can We Learn From an Industrial Organization Approach?," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, vol. 129(2), pages 261-286.
    3. Jean Tirole, 2023. "Competition and the Industrial Challenge for the Digital Age," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 15(1), pages 573-605, September.
    4. Frédéric Marty & Thierry Warin, 2023. "Multi-sided platforms and innovation: A competition law perspective," Post-Print halshs-03921366, HAL.
    5. Yang, Xing, 2025. "AI competition and firm value: Evidence from DeepSeek’s disruption," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    6. Jean Tirole, 2023. "Competition and the Industrial Challenge for the Digital Age," Post-Print hal-04464905, HAL.
    7. Christophe Carugati, 2023. "Competition in generative artificial intelligence foundation models," Bruegel Working Papers node_9258, Bruegel.
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