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The co-location of the American creative class within cities 1850 to 1950

Author

Listed:
  • Amir Ferreira Neto

    (Department of Economics and Finance, Florida Gulf Coast University, USA)

  • Lukas Kuld

    (Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Ireland)

  • Sara Mitchell

    (University of Coimbra, CeBER and Faculty of Economics)

Abstract

We use full-count US census data (1850-1950) to demonstrate the impact that variation in the definition of creatives and in neighborhood size has on measures of co-location. We find a higher degree of clustering among artists compared to other creatives and that wider definitions exhibit less clustering. Around two-thirds of clustering occurs between enumeration districts, implying that even narrow district-level data could miss a third of street-level clustering. Coarser spatial units smooth the differences in clustering observed at smaller scales. We assert the need for greater consideration of the selection of occupations in addition to spatial scale.

Suggested Citation

  • Amir Ferreira Neto & Lukas Kuld & Sara Mitchell, 2026. "The co-location of the American creative class within cities 1850 to 1950," CeBER Working Papers 2026-09, Centre for Business and Economics Research (CeBER), University of Coimbra.
    • Handle: RePEc:gmf:papers:2026-09
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • R1 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics
    • Z11 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Economics of the Arts and Literature
    • N91 - Economic History - - Regional and Urban History - - - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N92 - Economic History - - Regional and Urban History - - - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

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