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Financial Consequences of Student Loan Delinquency, Default, and Servicer Quality

Author

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  • Meredith Welch

Abstract

Using anonymized consumer credit bureau data, I examine the credit market consequences of student loan delinquency and default and the role that student loan servicers play in contributing to borrower outcomes. I exploit random assignment of student loan borrowers to student loan servicers of varying quality to study the direct effect of servicers on borrowers’ credit outcomes and to isolate variation in the likelihood of default that is not correlated with borrower characteristics. I find that being assigned to a higher-default servicer increases a borrower’s likelihood of default by approximately 6%. However, there is a precisely estimated null effect of servicer assignment on measures of borrowers’ likelihood of financial distress, credit access, and zip code characteristics. These findings suggest that averting a servicer-induced default does not yield considerable benefits for marginal borrowers’ credit outcomes but that servicers are meaningful drivers of student loan repayment outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Meredith Welch, 2025. "Financial Consequences of Student Loan Delinquency, Default, and Servicer Quality," Working Papers 25-38, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedpwp:102192
    DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2025.38
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • I22 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Educational Finance; Financial Aid
    • D14 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Saving; Personal Finance
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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