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Youth and the 1990s Labour Market

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  • Carloyn Wilkins

Abstract

A key element of youth labour market experience is the continued decline in the number of hours young people work since the late 1980s. Unlike adults, the number of hours worked by youths has failed to grow in recent years despite the recovery. This suggests that there may be important structural factors underlying their labour market experience that may not be reversed as the recovery continues. This paper therefore seeks to explain the reduced hours of work by young people over the last decade using a neo-classical model of youth labour supply estimated using cross-sectional data from 1986 and 1993. The model provides a framework in which the effects of economic conditions and wages on the aggregate number of hours young people work can be evaluated, while controlling for personal characteristics important to labour supply such as educational attainment and the presence of children. The results imply that compositional changes in the youth population – of which the increased share of full-time students was the single-most important factor – explained almost half of the decline over the period. A change in the labour supply "behaviour" of young people, whereby young people in 1993 of the same characteristics and in similar situations as in 1986 worked less, and a reduction in the size of the youth cohort explained most of the balance of the decline in hours worked. The decline in real wages for youth was found to explain only 3% of the decline. These results suggest that the key unanswered question is: what underlies the increase in the share of youths who are full-time students? Un élément clé de l’expérience du marché du travail des jeunes, c’est la baisse continue de leurs heures travaillées depuis la fin des années 80. Contrairement aux adultes, le temps de travail des jeunes n’a pas augmenté au cours des dernières années malgré la relance de l’économie. Ce qui fait penser que d’importants facteurs structuraux seraient à la base de leur expérience du marché du travail et pourraient persister avec la poursuite de l’expansion. Pour tenter d’expliquer pourquoi la durée du travail des jeunes a baissé pendant la dernière décennie, l’auteur du document se sert d’un modèle néoclassique de l’offre de main-d’œuvre des jeunes estimé à l’aide de données transversales de 1986 et 1993. Le modèle fournit un cadre permettant d’évaluer les effets des conditions économiques et des salaires sur les heures travaillées par les jeunes tout en contrôlant les caractéristiques personnelles importantes pour l’offre de main-d’œuvre comme le niveau d’instruction et la présence des enfants. Les résultats indiquent que les changements survenus dans la cohorte des jeunes - dont le facteur le plus important est la part accrue des étudiants à plein temps - expliquent presque la moitié de la baisse de la durée du travail des jeunes pendant la période. Un changement survenu dans le «comportement» des jeunes en quête de travail, par lequel les jeunes en 1993 ayant les mêmes caractéristiques que ceux de 1986 et se trouvant dans une situation semblable à la leur ont travaillé moins, et une réduction de la taille de la cohorte des jeunes expliquent la plus grande partie des autres causes de la réduction de la durée du travail. La baisse des salaires réels des jeunes n’explique que 3 p. 100 de la réduction de la durée du travail. Ces résultats laissent toutefois en suspens une grande question restée sans réponse : pourquoi la part des étudiants à plein temps a-t-elle augmenté ?

Suggested Citation

  • Carloyn Wilkins, "undated". "Youth and the 1990s Labour Market," Working Papers-Department of Finance Canada 1998-08, Department of Finance Canada.
  • Handle: RePEc:fca:wpfnca:1998-08
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