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Impacto redistributivo de la tributación a los dividendos en Colombia

Author

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  • Javier Ávila-Mahecha

Abstract

Colombia introdujo en 2017 un impuesto a los dividendos con una tarifa del 10% que se elevó al 15% a partir de 2019. Cuando se agoten las utilidades de las vigencias fiscales 2016 y anteriores, no sujetas al tributo, se espera que el impuesto recaude $1,2 billones, aproximadamente el 1% de los ingresos tributarios nacionales y 0,13% del PIB. Los contribuyentes del último decil de la renta asumen casi la totalidad del impuesto, pues en ese grupo se concentra el 94% de los dividendos. Su tarifa efectiva promedio pasa del 15,4% hasta el 17,1% con la aplicación del tributo. La tributación conjunta socio-sociedad se situaría en un intervalo comprendido entre 30% y 40,5% en 2022, explicado por la tarifa del 30% sobre la renta corporativa y del 15% sobre los dividendos. Sin embargo, los efectos redistributivos del impuesto a los dividendos son muy limitados, puesto que su tarifa es prácticamente única para cualquier nivel de renta y afecta tan solo a 158 mil personas, el 0,3% de la población colombiana o el 5% de las personas naturales que presentan declaración de renta. El índice de Gini no cambia cuando se introduce el impuesto a los dividendos. La desigualdad de la renta disponible de los contribuyentes pasa de 0,431 a 0,428. La progresividad del impuesto a los dividendos podría mejorar si el foco del impuesto sobre la renta se traslada al nivel individual y se gravan los dividendos con tarifas marginales crecientes. Sin embargo, esta ruta parece un poco riesgosa, porque requiere contar con una administración tributaria moderna, para afrontar de manera eficiente el control y servicio de millones de contribuyentes. Adicionalmente, la tarifa promedio que se aplica en la renta corporativa será del 30% a partir de 2022, mientras que en el nivel personal la tarifa nominal promedio apenas se acerca al 9%. Esta circunstancia eventualmente podría reducir la recaudación total del impuesto de renta. *** Colombia introduced a tax on dividends in 2017 with a tax rate of 10% that was raised to 15% starting in 2019. The profits of 2016 and previous fiscal periods, which are not covered by the dividend tax, will be gradually finished and then the dividend tax could raise COP$ 1.2 billion, approximately 1% of national tax revenues and 0.13% of GDP. Taxpayers located in the last decile of rent assume almost entire dividend tax, since in that group is concentrated 94% of dividends. Their effective average tax rate goes from 15.4% to 17.1%, as result of application of this tax. The partner-partnership joint taxation would be between 30% and 40.5% in 2022, explained by the tax rate of 30% on corporate income and 15% on dividends. However, the redistributive effects of dividend tax are very limited, because its tax rate is practically unique for any level of income and affects only 158 thousand people, 0.3% of Colombian population or 5% of personal income taxpayers who present an income tax statement. The Gini index does not change when dividend tax is introduced. The inequality of taxpayers' disposable income goes from 0.431 to 0.428. The progressivity of dividen tax could be improved if income tax focus is transferred to individual level and dividens are taxed with marginal tax rates are applied to the dividends. However, this route seems a little risky, because it requires a modern tax administration to efficiently face the control and service for millions of personal income taxpayers. Additionally, the average rate applied to corporate income will be 30% from 2022, while at the personal level the average nominal rate is only close to 9%. This circumstance could eventually reduce income tax overall collection.

Suggested Citation

  • Javier Ávila-Mahecha, 2019. "Impacto redistributivo de la tributación a los dividendos en Colombia," Investigaciones y Productos CID 17214, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000426:017214
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Impuesto a los dividendos; progresividad tributaria;

    JEL classification:

    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H32 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - Firm
    • K34 - Law and Economics - - Other Substantive Areas of Law - - - Tax Law
    • M2 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Economics

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