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AI at Work: Use, Complementary Technologies, and Task Reallocation

Author

Listed:
  • Vahagn Jerbashian
  • Montserrat Vilalta-Bufi

Abstract

We provide evidence from a 2025 survey of individuals in Spain on workplace use of artificial intelligence (AI) and other modern digital technologies. AI use is already economically meaningful but far from pervasive, with about 16% of workers reporting AI use. Its adoption is highly uneven across workers and jobs, with strong gradients by education, age, earnings, and firm size and scope, as well as substantial within-occupation heterogeneity. AI use is strongly correlated with the use of other modern technologies, which accounts for a larger share of variation than any worker or job characteristic considered separately, including occupational exposure measures. The purposes of AI use also vary markedly across demographic groups and jobs. Users report predominantly positive productivity effects in abstract cognitive tasks, together with limited but systematic time reallocation across tasks.

Suggested Citation

  • Vahagn Jerbashian & Montserrat Vilalta-Bufi, 2026. "AI at Work: Use, Complementary Technologies, and Task Reallocation," CESifo Working Paper Series 13094, CESifo.
    • Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_13094
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • L23 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Organization of Production
    • C83 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods

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