Author
Listed:
- Karina Acosta
- Jesus Saldaña
Abstract
Durante la última década, Colombia ha experimentado cambios en la pobreza monetaria, dentro de los cuales resalta un descenso rápido durante la recuperación en el periodo post-2020. Este documento investiga los factores que impulsaron estos cambios recientes y se pregunta si los mecanismos que impulsaron la reducción de la pobreza después de 2020 difieren de los observados en periodos anteriores. Nuestra principal contribución es una descomposición detallada tipo Shapley basada en los ingresos que identifica el rol de los ingresos laborales (formales e informales), los ingresos no laborales, las transferencias institucionales, los factores demográficos y los sectores económicos en la reconfiguración de la dinámica de la pobreza. Mostramos que, si bien la reducción de la pobreza antes de la pandemia (2012-2019) se debió principalmente a los cambios demográficos y al aumento del empleo formal, el descenso acelerado observado entre 2021 y 2024 se explica en gran medida por la recuperación de los mercados laborales, a pesar de la reducción de las transferencias gubernamentales. Estas tendencias agregadas ocultan una heterogeneidad territorial: los avances recientes se concentran en las principales zonas urbanas, mientras que varias ciudades del Caribe quedan rezagadas, y la reducción de la pobreza rural depende en mayor medida de la agricultura y de fuentes de ingresos no laborales. Además, observamos que la disminución de la pobreza monetaria antes del choque económico de 2020 se debió principalmente a los centros rurales y ciudades secundarias. **** ABSTRACT: Over the last decade, Colombia has experienced changes in monetary poverty, with a rapid decline during the recovery in the post-2020 period. This paper investigates the factors that drove these recent changes and asks whether the mechanisms that drove poverty reduction after 2020 differ from those observed in previous periods. Our main contribution is a detailed income-based decomposition that identifies the role of labor income (formal and informal), non-labor income, institutional transfers, demographic factors, and economic sectors in reshaping poverty dynamics. We show that while poverty reduction before the pandemic (2012-2019) was mainly due to demographic changes and increased formal employment, the accelerated decline observed between 2021 and 2024 is largely explained by the recovery of labor markets, despite the reduction in government transfers. These aggregate trends mask territorial heterogeneity: recent progress is concentrated in major urban areas, while several Caribbean cities lag behind, and rural poverty reduction depends to a greater extent on agriculture and non-labor sources of income. In addition, we observe that the decline in aggregate monetary poverty prior to the 2020 economic shock was largely due to rural centers and secondary cities.
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JEL classification:
- J46 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Informal Labor Market
- O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
- O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean
- R23 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population
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