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Impacto macroeconómico y fiscal del cambio demográfico

Author

Listed:
  • Jesus Botero-García
  • Cristian Castrillon-Gaviria
  • Daniela Gallo
  • Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra

Abstract

Este documento estima los efectos del cambio demográfico sobre el crecimiento económico y las finanzas públicas en Colombia, considerando su impacto en el sistema de pensiones, el sector salud, la educación y otros componentes del gasto asociados al envejecimiento poblacional, así como sobre los ingresos fiscales del gobierno. Para este propósito, se utiliza un Modelo de Equilibrio General Computable (MEGC), que incorpora las interacciones entre sectores y permite evaluar los efectos del envejecimiento sobre el crecimiento económico, el gasto público, los ingresos tributarios y el balance fiscal. El análisis también contempla los efectos indirectos a través del mercado laboral y la acumulación de capital. Los resultados muestran que el envejecimiento poblacional constituye un desafío estructural para la sostenibilidad fiscal, con implicaciones significativas sobre el crecimiento económico y el empleo. Se proyecta un aumento persistente del gasto público, impulsado principalmente por mayores transferencias asociadas a los sistemas de pensiones y salud. Como consecuencia, el déficit fiscal primario se ampliaría de manera considerable hacia 2070 y la deuda del Gobierno Nacional Central se incrementaría hasta niveles superiores a 180% del PIB, generando un aumento significativo en el costo de financiamiento soberano. *****ABSTRACT: This paper estimates the effects of demographic change on economic growth and public finances in Colombia, considering its impact on the pension system, the health sector, education, and other expenditure components associated with population aging, as well as on government fiscal revenues. To this end, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is employed, incorporating intersectoral linkages and allowing for the assessment of the effects of aging on economic growth, public spending, tax revenues, and the fiscal balance. The analysis also accounts for indirect effects operating through the labor market and capital accumulation. The results indicate that population aging constitutes a structural challenge to fiscal sustainability, with significant implications for economic growth and employment. Public expenditure is projected to increase persistently, driven primarily by higher transfers associated with the pension and health systems. Consequently, the primary fiscal deficit would widen substantially by 2070, and Central Government debt would rise to levels exceeding 180 percent of GDP, leading to a significant increase in sovereign financing costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Jesus Botero-García & Cristian Castrillon-Gaviria & Daniela Gallo & Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra, 2026. "Impacto macroeconómico y fiscal del cambio demográfico," Borradores de Economia 1349, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1349
    DOI: 10.32468/be.1349
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    JEL classification:

    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General
    • H60 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - General
    • J11 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
    • J18 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Public Policy

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