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Impacto fiscal del cambio demográfico sobre la educación en Colombia

Author

Listed:
  • Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro
  • Andrés Felipe Chitan-Caes
  • Ana María Iregui-Bohórquez
  • Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra
  • María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo
  • Jorge Leonardo Rodríguez-Arenas

Abstract

En las últimas décadas, Colombia ha registrado una marcada reducción en la tasa global de fecundidad, ubicándose en 1,1 hijos por mujer en 2024, por debajo del nivel de reemplazo. Este cambio demográfico ha derivado en una disminución sostenida de la matrícula en todos los niveles educativos, pese al aumento de estudiantes de origen venezolano. Las proyecciones de población indican que esta tendencia se acelerará, con impactos significativos sobre la asignación de recursos del Sistema General de Participaciones (SGP), cuya distribución depende en parte del número de estudiantes matriculados. El presente documento evalúa el impacto fiscal de esta transición sobre la financiación de la educación pública hasta 2050, a partir de tres escenarios de crecimiento del SGP. Los resultados muestran que la reducción en la matrícula ofrece oportunidades para incrementar la inversión per cápita, mejorar la cobertura, especialmente en educación inicial y media, y fortalecer la calidad docente. Sin embargo, el aprovechamiento de estas oportunidades dependerá de ajustes institucionales y de una planificación territorial diferenciada que garantice sostenibilidad fiscal y equidad en la distribución de recursos. *****ABSTRACT: In recent decades, Colombia has experienced a marked decline in the total fertility rate, reaching 1.1 children per woman in 2024, below the replacement level. This demographic shift has led to a sustained decrease in enrollment across all educational levels, despite the increase in students of Venezuelan origin. Population projections indicate that this trend will accelerate, with significant impacts on the allocation of resources from the General System of Transfers (SGP), whose distribution partly depends on the number of enrolled students. This paper assesses the fiscal impact of this transition on the financing of public education through 2050, based on three scenarios of SGP growth. The results show that the reduction in enrollment creates opportunities to increase per capita investment, improve coverage, particularly in early childhood and secondary education, and strengthen teaching quality. However, taking advantage of these opportunities will depend on institutional adjustments and differentiated territorial planning that ensure fiscal sustainability and equity in resource distribution.

Suggested Citation

  • Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro & Andrés Felipe Chitan-Caes & Ana María Iregui-Bohórquez & Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra & María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo & Jorge Leonardo Rodríguez-Arenas, 2026. "Impacto fiscal del cambio demográfico sobre la educación en Colombia," Borradores de Economia 1344, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1344
    DOI: 10.32468/be.1344
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    JEL classification:

    • H75 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
    • I22 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Educational Finance; Financial Aid
    • J10 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - General

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