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Europa en transición energética: respuestas y desafíos tras dos crisis consecutivas

Author

Listed:
  • Mónica Correa-López

    (BANCO DE ESPAÑA)

  • Mar Delgado-Téllez

    (BANCO DE ESPAÑA)

  • Marta Suárez-Valera

    (BANCO DE ESPAÑA)

Abstract

La pandemia y la crisis energética asociada a la guerra de Ucrania han transformado con rapidez el panorama energético europeo. Los países de la Unión Europea han reducido su dependencia de proveedores de riesgo, impulsado mejoras de eficiencia y acelerado la penetración de energías renovables, lo que ha contribuido a disminuir el consumo primario y las emisiones. Sin embargo, estos avances conviven con importantes vulnerabilidades: limitadas interconexiones, necesidad de mayor almacenamiento energético y un grado insuficiente de electrificación en sectores clave. Por su lado, los precios mayoristas y minoristas de la energía han mostrado una elevada volatilidad, condicionada por la evolución del gas, la expansión renovable y factores específicos de cada economía. Estos movimientos han tenido un efecto directo sobre la competitividad, especialmente de los sectores industriales intensivos en energía. Mientras España ha logrado una mejora relativa del coste energético frente a varios socios europeos desde 2022, otros países mantienen precios elevados que afectan a su posición competitiva. El documento analiza estas dinámicas y sus implicaciones para la seguridad del suministro, la resiliencia del sistema y el cumplimiento de los objetivos climáticos.

Suggested Citation

  • Mónica Correa-López & Mar Delgado-Téllez & Marta Suárez-Valera, 2026. "Europa en transición energética: respuestas y desafíos tras dos crisis consecutivas," Occasional Papers 2608, Banco de España.
  • Handle: RePEc:bde:opaper:2608
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.53479/42865
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • Q40 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - General
    • Q41 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • Q43 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Energy and the Macroeconomy
    • Q48 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Government Policy

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